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A DICTIONAEl 



r 



OF 



^DOCATIOML BlOGRiPH! 



GlVrXU MOKE THAN FOUR HUNDRED PORTRAITS AND SKETCHES 
OF PERSONS PROMINENT IN EDUCATIONAL WORK 



PY 



C _ W . BARD 



KDITOK Ol' Till-: SCHOOL HLLLirriN 



N 




SYRACUSE, N, Y. 

(". W. BARDEEX, PUBLISHER 
1901 



Copyright. 190L by C. W. Haudken 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

APR. 24 1901 

COPVRWHT ENTRy 

COPY B. 



LJ\ 



■•> 



PREFACE 

I began collecting these portraits some twenty years ago, and 
since then liave searched most of the print-shops in the prin- 
cipal cities of this country and of Europe, and examined most 
of the catalogues of dealers and of auction-sales. Such a col- 
lection can never be complete, and this lacks some important 
names ; for instance I have been unable to find authentic por- 
traits of Alcuin, of Ratich, and of Mulcaster. But most of 
the great names are here, and it is likel}^ to be some time be- 
fore a more comprehensive collection of the kind is published. 
For many of the portraits of mathematicians I am under 
obligation to Prof. Daniel Eugene Smith, of the Teachers col- 
lege, who put his fine collection at my disposal. 

Where duplicate portraits are given they are usually suc- 
cessive, as of Bancroft (page 158) and of Henry Barnard (page 
190); or confirmatory as of Francke (page 69), of Humboldt 
(page 110), and of Froebel (pages 122 and 123). In the case 
of Pestalozzi I have given, besides the usual portrait (page 1)5, 
to the right) and a more conventional portrait (page 94), the 
squalid portrait from Biber's life (page 95) ; though Wil- 
liam Woodbridge says in the Annals of Education (i.597): 
" We regret that the portrait should present us with the mere 
remains of Pestalozzi. We are so fortunate to possess a better 
one, whose correctness we have knoAvn from personal inter- 
course with this amiable man." 

(iii) 



iv Pkeeace 

In tlie case of living persons it has of course been difficult 
to make selection. No one will look over the list without de- 
tecting what seem to him omissions. But it was necessary to 
fix some limit, and I have given those whose work seemed 
especially important and ty])ical, and whose names are frequent 
in the news of the day. 

The form of sketches was adopted for use in the Teachers 
Calendar, published for several years past as a supplement to 
the School Bulletin, and giving each month portraits and 
sketches of six educators whose birthdays come during the 
month. The sketches are brief, but will be found to contain 
a good manv facts, and an aljundance of dates, whic-li form 
the anatomy of biography. 

A first attempt at a compilation of this kind must neces- 
sarily show crudeness and incompleteness, and it is one of the 
expectations of the compiler that the work he has done here 
will some time help another man to make a better book. 

Sykacusk, March 21, IIM)] 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX 



1000? 
640 
620? 
582 
550 
540? 
470 
460 
436 
429 
384 

342 

300 

287 

1/106 

98 

3 

A. D. 
121 

130 

742 

? 

1225 
1320 
1466 
1467 



PAGE 

Zoroaster, 17 

Thales 18 

^Esop 18 

Pythagoras 19 

Confucius 20 

Aristicles 21 

Socrates 22 

Hippocrates 21 

Isocrates 22 

Plato 23 

Demosthenes 24 

Aristotle 25 

Epicurus 26 

Zeno 26 

Euclid 27 

Archimedes 27 

Cicero 28 

Lucretius 29 

Seneca 30 

Marcus Aurelius 30 

Galen 31 

Charlemagne 3j2 

Leonardo of Pisa. . ..33 
St. Thos. Aquinas... 33 

Wychf 34 

Colet 34 

Erasmus 35 



7)at( of 
llirlh 

A. D. PAGE 

1473 Copernicus 36 

1483 Martin Luther 37 

1490? Rabelais. -. 38 

1491 Loyola 39 

1492 Vives 40 

Agricola 41 

1497 Melanchthon 41 

1499 Thomas Platter 42 

1501 Cardauo 43 

1505 John Knox 44 

1506 St. Francis Xavier.. 46 

1507 Sturm 45 

1509 Calvin 46 

1515 Ascham 47 

1533 Montaigne 48 

1540 Ludolf von Ceulcn.49 

1543 Aquaviva 49 

1546 Tycho Brahe 50 

1550 John Naj)ier 51 

1560 Arminius 51 

1561 Bacon 52 

1564 Galileo 53 

1571 Kepler 53 

1576 St. Vincent de Paul. 54 

1578 William Harvey... .55 

1585 Jansen 56 

1 589 Bignon 56 

1592 Comenius 57 



a) 



Chronological Index 



Date of 
Birth PAGE 

1596 Descartes 58 

1601 Fermat 58 

1608 Milton 59 

1612 Arnauld 60 

1623 Pascal 60 

1626 Mme d e Se vigue .... 6 1 

1627 Bossuet 61 

1632 Locke 62 

Spinoza 63 

1642 Newton 64 

1646 Leibnitz 65 

1651 Fenelon QQ 

St. De La Salle 67 

1661 Rollin 68 

1663 Francke 69 

1667 Bernouilli 70 

1 6 6 9 Christian Wolff 71 

1682 Nicho'sSaunderson.71 

1685 Bishop Berkeley 72 

1696 Sam'l Johnson 72 

Lord Kames 73 

1698 Colin Maclauren....73 
1703 Jonathan Edwards.74 

1706 Benj. Franklin 75 

1707 Linnaeus 76 

Euler 76 

1710? Dilworth 77 

1710 JohnLovell 77 

1711 Hume 78 

Eleazar Wheelock...78 

1712 Rousseau 79 

de I'Epee 80 

1713 Clairaut 80 

1714 d'Alembert 81 



Date of 
Birth 

1715 
1722 
1723 



1727 

1733 
1736 
1737 
1738 

1740 
1741 



1743 



1744 
1745 

1746 



1749 
1750 
1752 

1753 
1754 
1758 



PAOE 

Gellert 82 

Witherspoon 82 

Basedow 83 

Adam Smith 84 

Kant 84 

Wm. Sam'l Johnson. 85 

Ezra Stiles 85 

Priestley 86 

Lagrange 86 

Myles Cooper 87 

James Manning 87 

Wm. Herschel 88 

Oberlin 89 

Mrs. Trimmer 88 

Samuel Kirkland. . .89 

Lavater 90 

Jefferson 90 

Lavoisier 91 

Condorcet 91 

Dalzell 92 

R. Edgeworth 92 

Hannah More 93 

Lindley Murray 93 

Pestalozzi 94 

Monge 96 

Mme. de Geulis 96 

Campe 98 

Laplace 97 

Girard 99 

Legendre 97 

Timothy Dwight..-.99 

Andrew Bell 100 

Niemeyer 101 

de Sacv 102 



Chronological Index 



Date of 
PAGE Birth 

Porson 102 1786 

Fichte 103 

Jean Paul Richter. 103 1787 

James Kent 104 

S. Van Rensselaer. 105 
Maria Edgeworth.. 106 1788 
J. Quincy Adams. .107 
James Wadsworth. 107 

E. D. Clarke 108 

Tobler 108 1789 

Cuvier 109 

A. von Humboldt. 110 

De Witt Clinton... Ill 1790 

Henry Davis Ill 

Jacotot 112 

Fellenberg 113 1791 

Ebenezer Porter... 114 

Eliphalet Nott 114 

John Griscom 115 

Jeremiah Day 115 

Edward Baines....ll6 1792 
George Birkbeck...ll6 

Herbart 117 

Spurzheim 118 

Davy 118 

Lancaster 119 

Schimmelpennick.120 1793 

Brougham 1 20 

Audubon 121 

Froebel ...122 1794 

von Raumer 124 

Gideon Hawley...l25 

Arago 126 

Nathan Guilford.. .126 



PAGE 

Verplanck 127 

Greenleaf 127 

Gallaudet 128 

Jesse Torrey, jr... .129 
Emma Willard....l29 
Abig'l Hassel tine.. 130 
Sir Wm. Hamilton. 131 

George Combe 131 

Schopenhauer 132 

Mrs. A. H. Judson.130 

Cauchy 132 

John Farmer 133 

Cyrus Peirce 133 

A.C. Flagg 134 

Diesterweg 135 

Denison Olmsted.. 134 

Faraday 135 

S. F.B.Morse 136 

Peter Cooper 136 

Beck 137 

Cousin 138 

Frere Philippe 138 

Wilbur Fisk 139 

Lowell Mason 139 

Thaddeus Stevens. 140 

Mrs. Phelps 140 

Warren Colburn ... 141 
Gideon F.Thayer. 141 

David Stow 142 

Edward Everett... 143 

W. R. Johnson 143 

Elias Cornelius. ... 1 44 

H. P. Peet 144 

James G. Carter... 145 



Chronological Index 



Date of 
Birth 

1795 



1796 
1797 



1798 



1799 
1800 

1801 
1802 



PAGE 

Ebenezer Bailey... 146 

Wm. B. Fowle 146 

George Peabody . . .147 

Whewell .^ 148 

Sir Rowland Hill.. 148 
Thomas Arnold....l49 

James Harper 149 

Horace Mann 150 

Francis Wa viand.. 151 

Lyell \ 151 

Mary Lyon 152 

Geo. B. Emerson. ..152 

Samuel J. May 153 

Charles Anthon .... 1 53 

D. D. Barnard....: 154 

Gen. Dix 154 

Duhamel 155 

Michelet 155 

Wm. Russell 156 

Charles Davies 156 

Wm. A. Alcott 157 

A. B. Alcott 157 

Samuel Lewis 158 

Geo. Bancroft 158 

E. C. Benedict 159 

S. B. Woolworth...l59 

Wm. Ellis 160 

Alonzo Potter 160 

Marshall Conant...l61 

T. I). Woolsey 161 

John Kingsbury... 162 

S. G. Howe ■^...162 

Simeon North 163 

Tayler Lewis 163 



Date of 
Birth 

1802 



1803 



1804 



1805 



1806 



1807 



1808 
1809 



PAGE 

Calvin E. Stowe...l64 

Hugh Miller 165 

Thomas Guthrie.... 165 

Mark Hopkins 166 

E. Ryerson 167 

Jacob Abbott 168 

E. Leaven worth ... 1 6 8 

Frederic Hill 169 

Richard Owen 169 

E. P. Peabody 170 

Tillinghast 170 

Dilla way 171 

Rob't Rantoul, jr..l71 

H. P. Tappan 172 

Th. Burro wes 172 

F. D. Maurice 173 

G. A. Deuison 173 

DeMorgan. 174 

J. S.Mill 175 

E. C. Wines 176 

J. P. Fairbanks... 176 

Ezra Cornell 177 

Joseph A Id en 177 

S. H. Taylor 178 

Mary Carpenter ... 1 7 9 

Joseph Payne 179 

Agassiz 180 

Guyot 180 

Schreber 181 

B'rancis D wight. ..182 
S. S.Randall 183 

F. A. P. Barnard.. 184 

Blackie 185 

Darwin 186 



Chronological Index 



PAGE 

D. P.Page 187 

J. S. Hart 188 

Samuel Clark 188 

Asa Gray 189 

Henry Barnard ... 1 90 

Sarmiento 192 

James McCosli 193 

J. W. Draper 193 

J. V. S. L. Pruyn.194 

Elias Loomis 194 

W. R. Grove 195 

Seguin 196 

C. H. Anthony.... 196 
J. W. Armstrong.. 197 
Jas. N. McElligott.197 
James D. Dana.... 198 
Marcius Willson...l98 
Wm. B. Carpenter. 199 

Isaac Pitman 199 

MissShirrefF 200 

J.J.Sylvester 200 

M. B. Anderson... 201 

Myrtilla Miner 201 

A. D. Lord 202 

Mary Mortimer .... 203 
Noah T. Clarke... 203 
Benjamin Jowett..204 
Alexander Bain... 205 

Henry Drisler 206 

Maria Mitchell 206 

Victor M. Rice 207 

Ebenezer Dodge.. ..208 
F. D. Huntington. 208 
Wm. E. Forster....209 



Bate of 
Birtli 

1819 



1820 

1821 
1822 



182J 



1824 

1825 
1827 



PAGE 

John Ruskin 209 

Chas. Kiugsley....210 

JohnTyndall 210 

Herbert Spencer... 211 
Charles T. Pooler.. 212 

Edward North 212 

H. B. Wilbur 213 

S. G. Love 213 

Edward Thring...214 
Theo. W. Dwight..215 

N. A. Calkins 215 

A.R.Wallace 216 

Matthew Arnold... 216 

Benn Pitman 217 

Dana P. Colburn..217 

E. A. Freeman 218 

Max-Mtiller 218 

Jonathan Allen 219 

A. J. Upson 219 

E. A. Sheldon 220 

James Johonnot....221 
John H. French.... 221 
Geo. L. Farnham..222 

A. J. Rickoff 222 

G. W. Curtis 223 

J. G. Fitch 224 

Huxley 224 

Wickersham 225 

S. G. Williams 225 

Joseph Baldwin... 226 

A. G.Gaines 226 

A. G. Boyden 227 

Edward Atkinson. 227 
Emily Howland... 228 



6 

Date of 
Birth 

1828 
1829 



Cheonological I^dex 



1830 
1831 



1832 



1834 
1835 



1836 



1837 



1838 



C. W.Bennett 229 

Wm. Hutchison.... 229 

J. B. Angell 230 

M. Mac Vicar 230 

S.S.Laurie 231 

D'A. W.Thompson 231 
Laura Bridgman..232 

E. E. Wliite 232 

David Murray 233 

F. W. Farrar 234 

R. H. Quick 234 

0. C. Marsh 235 

Archbishop Rvau.235 
J. A. Garfield ."^ 236 

A. D. White 236 

Mrs. Pollock 237 

Thomas Egleston..238 

Newell 239 

C. W. Eliot 240 

Wm. T.Harris 241 

Simon Newcomb...242 

Geo. F. Barker 242 

Orlan'o Blackman.243 

E. V. DeGraff 243 

Wm. H. Payne.... 244 

B. A. Hinsdale... .244 
Mrs. Kraus-Boelte.245 

A. P. Marble 245 

J. D. Steele 246 

George Ebers 247 

Col. Parker 248 

H.R. Sanford 249 

A. B. Watkins 249 

E. S.Morse 250 



Date of 
Birth 

1838 
1839 



John Morley 251 

Kotelmann 252 

Frances Willard...253 
M. Cooper-Poucher 253 

Aaron Gove 254 

Thomas Davidson. 2 54 
George W. Ross... 255 

T. W. Preyer 256 

Geo. H. Martin... .257 

John Fiske 257 

T. J. Backus 258 

J. G.Wight 258 

Irwin Shepard 259 

Compayre 260 

E.B.Andrews 261 

C. R. Skinner 261 

Isaac H. Stout 262 

Sherm'n Williams. 262 

H. H Straight 263 

William Rein 264 

Brother Azarias...265 

A. S. Draper 266 

Seth Low 267 

Melvil Dewey 267 

1851 M. W\Stryker 268 

1852 Wm. H. Mace 268 

Wm. H. Maxwell..269 
Thos. M. Balliet...269 

1854 .L G. Schurman...270 

1855 C. B. Gilbert 271 

1856 A. S. Downing 271 

1857 Albert Leonard.... 272 

1858 De Witt Hyde 272 

1802 N.M.Butler 273 



1840 
1841 



1842 



1843 



1844 



1846 



1847 

1848 
1850 



CLASSIFIED INDEX 



Orgauizers and Reformers 

. Aquaviva 49 

Armiuius 51 

Ascham 47 

Basedow 83 

Bell 100 

Calvin 46 

Ca,mpe 98 

Charlemagne 32 

Clinton Ill 

Comenius 57 

Cousin 136 

M. Edgeworth 106 

R. Edgeworth 92 

Erasmus 35 

Fellenberg 113 

Froebel 122 

Herbart 117 

Jacotot 112 

Jefferson 90 

Knox 44 

Lancaster 119 

Locke 62 

Loyola 39 

Luther 37 

Melanchthon 41 

Milton 59 

Montaigne 48 

Niemeyer 101 



Organizers and Reformers 

Pestalozzi 94 

Porter.. 160 

Rabelais 38 

Richter 103 

Rollin 68 

Sturm 45 

Tobler 108 

Vincent de Paul 54 

Vives 40 

Wyclif 34 

Univer'y of the State of N. Y. 

Chancellor Benedict 159 

Curtis 223 

Pruyn 194 

Upson 219 

Vice- Chan. Verplanck..l27 

Secretary Beck 137 

Clinton Ill 

Dewey 267 

Hawley 125 

Murray 233 

Watkins 249 

Woolworth 159 

College Presidents 

Alfred, Allen 219 

Bowdoin, Hyde 272 

Brown, Andrews 261 

Fisk 139 



(7) 



Classified Index 



PAGE 

College Presidents 

. Brown, Mauiiing 87 

Wayland 151 

Colgate, Dodge 208 

Columbia, Barnard 184 

Cooper 87 

S. Johnson 72 

W. S. Johnson 85 

Low 267 

Cornell, Schurinan 270 

White 2:36 

Dartmouth, Wheelock.. 78 

Hami Iton, Davis Ill 

North 163 

Stryker 268 

Harvard, EUot 240 

Everett 143 

Jefferson, x\ Id en 177 

Michigan, Angell 230 

Tappan 172 

Middlebury, Davis Ill 

Princeton, Edwards 74 

McCosh 193 

AVi therspoon 82 

Rochester, Anderson.... 201 
St. Lawrence, Gaines... 226 

Union, Nott 114 

Williams, Hopkins 166 

Yale, Day 115 

Dwight 99 

Stiles 85 

Woolscy 161 

Masters of rrivate 8clio(»ls 
Ilugbij, Arnold 149 



PAGE 

Masters of Private Schools 

St. PauUs, Colet 34 

Uppingham, Thring....214 

Aiidover, Taylor 178 

Boston Latin, Dillaway.171 

Lovell 77 

Canandaigua, Clarke. . . 203 
Bound Hill, Bancroft.. 158 
State Superintendents 

U. S., Barnard 190 

Harris 241 

Conn., Barnard 190 

Md., Newell 239 

3Iass., Mann 150 

N. Y., Dix 154 

Draper 266 

Flagg 134 

•Hawley 125 

Leavenworth 168 

Rice 207 

Skinner 261 

0., Lewis 158 

Pa. , Burrowes 172 

Wickershain 225 

B. J., Barnard 190 

Vt., French 221 

Ontario, Ross 255 

Rycrson 167 

Inspectors, Eng. , Arnold. 21 6 

Fitch......! 224 

City Superintendents 

Bhufhandon, Farnhani.222 

Boston, Martin 257 



Fields of M'"ork 



9 



PAGE 

City Superintendents 

Cincinnati^ Guilford 126 

White 232 

Cleveland, Draper 266 

Hiusdale 244 

Rickoff 222 

Denver, Gove 254 

Jamestown, Love 213 

New York, Calkins 215 

Marble 245 

Maxwell..... 269 

Randall 183 

Quincij, Pa rker 248 

Rochester, Gilbert 271 

Springfield, Balliet 269 

Syracuse, Farnham 222 

Sheldon 220 

Normal Instructors 

Alden 177 

Armstrong 197 

Baldwin 226 

Boyden 227 

Carter 145 

Clark 188 

Conaut :.161 

Cooper-Poncher 253 

Denison 173 

Farnham 222 

Hinsdale 244 

Johnson 143 

Laurie 231 

Leonard 272 

MacVicar ....230 

Martin 257 



PAGE 

Normal Instructors 

May 153 

Page 187 

Parker 248 

J.Payne 179 

W. H. Payne 244 

Peirce 133 

Rein 264 

Sheldon 220 

Shepard 259 

Straight 263 

Tilhnghast 170 

S. G. Williams 225 

AVool worth 159 

Institute Instructors 

DeGraff 243 

Downing 271 

French.'! 221 

Johonnot 221 

Pooler 212 

Sanford 249 

Stout 262 

AVhite 232 

Educational Historians 

Compayre 260 

Davidson 254 

Hinsdale 244 

Niemeyer 101 

Platter 42 

Quick 234 

Randall 183 

Schimmelpeunick 120 

von Raumer 125 

AVickersham-. 225 



10 



Classified Index 



PAGE 

Educational Historians 

S. G. Williams 22-5 

Editors 

W. A. Alcott 157 

Barnard 190 

Butler 273 

Cornelius 144 

Diesterweg 135 

Dwight 182 

Farmer 133 

Fowle 146 

Hart 188 

Lord 202 

McElligott 197 

Mann 150 

Newell 239 

E. Peabody 170 

Russell 156 

Thayer 141 

E. E. White 232 

AVickersliam 225 

Founders and Benefactors 

Anthony 196 

Brougham 120 

Cokt 34 

P. Cooper 136 

Cornell 177 

Eglcston 238 

Fairbanks 176 

Francke 69 

Franklin 75 

Girard 99 

Kirkland 89 

Maurice 173 



PAGE 

Founders and Benefactors 

G. Peabody 147 

Van Rensselaer 105 

Wadsworth 107 

Wheelock 78 

Educational Legislators 

D. Barnard 154 

Brougham 120 

Charlem ague 32 

Clinton Ill 

Forster 209 

Garfield 236 

Jefferson 90 

Morley 251 

Rantoul 171 

Sarmiento 192 

Stevens 140 

A.D.White 236 

Charitable and Reformatory 

Baines 116 

Birkbeck 116 

Bransiet 137 

Carpenter 180 

De La Salle 67 

Ellis 160 

Francke 69 

Griscoin 115 

Guthrie 165 

F. Hill 169 

Kingslev 210 

Obcrhn^ 89 

Stow 142 

Vincent de Paul 54 

Wines 176 



Fields of Work 



11 



PAGE 

Special Education— Negro 

Howland...., 228 

May 153 

Miner 201 

Blind 

Bridgman 232 

Howe — 162 

Lord 202 

Saunderson 71 

Deaf 

Bridgman 232 

del'Epee 80 

Gallaudet 128 

Peet 144 

Feeble-minded 

8eguiu 196 

Wilbur 213 

Missionaries 

Cornelius 144 

Judson 130 

Kirkland 89 

Xavier 45 

Adult Education 

Birkbeck 116 

Brougham 120 

Maurice 173 

Torrey 128 

Education of Women 

Abbott 168 

Backus 258 

Bailey 146 

Emerson 152 

Fenelon 66 

Genlis 96 



PAGE 

Education of Women 

Hasseltine 130 

Kingsbury 162 

Lyon 152 

More 93 

Mortimer 203 

Phelps 140 

Shirreff 200 

Trimmer 88 

Wight 258 

E. Willard 128 

F. Willard 253 

Special Subjects 

Arabic, de Sacy 102 

T. Lewis 163 

Art, S. F. B.Morse 136 

Ruskin 209 

Astronomy, Bernouilli.. 70 

Cauchy 132 

Copernicus 36 

Galileo 53 

Herschel 88 

Kepler 53 

Laplace 97 

Loomis 194 

Mitchell 206 

Newcomb 242 

Newton 64 

Thales 18 

Tycho Brahe 50 

Botany, Gray 189 

Linnaeus 76 

Chemistry, Clarke 108 

Davy 118 



12 



Classified Index 



pa(;b 

Special Subjects 

Chemistry, Faraday 1 35 

Griscom 115 

Lavoisier 91 

Discip line, A bbott 168 

A. B. Alcott 157 

Bancroft 168 

Emerson 152 

F. Hill 169 

R. Hill 148 

Spencer 211 

Wines 176 

Ethics, ^sop 19 

A. B. Alcott 159 

Aristides 19 

Aristotle 25 

Confucius 19 

Epicurus 26 

Franklin 75 

Huntington 208 

Karnes 73 

Marcus Aurelius 30 

Plato 23 

Pythagoras 19 

Seneca 30 

Socrates 22 

Spinoza 63 

Zoroaster 17 

Geography, ( luyot 180 

Humboldt.." 110 

Geology, ( 'larkc 108 

Cuvier 109 

Dana 198 

Egleston 238 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Geologif, Humboldt 110 

Lyeil 151 

Marsh 235 

Miller 165 

Owen 169 

Whewell 148 

Greek, Anthon 153 

Blackie 185 

Dalzell 92 

Drisler 206 

Hutchison 229 

Jowett 204 

Lewis 163 

North 212 

Porson 102 

History, Azarias 265 

Bennett 229 

Ebers 247 

Fiske 257 

Freeman 218 

Mace 268 

Michelet 155 

Kindergarten, Froebel. . 1 22 

Kraus-Boelte 245 

Oberlin 89 

Peabodv 170 

Pollock"! 237 

Lang aage, Max-Miiller. 218 

Law, I^ignon 56 

Dwight 215 

Kent 104 

Mathematics, 

Archimedes 27 



Special Subjects 



13 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Mathematics 

Bernouilli 70 

Cardano 43 

Cauchy 132 

Ceulen 49 

Clairaut 80 

D. P. Colburn 217 

W. Colburn 141 

Coudorcet 91 

d'Alembert 81 

Davies 156 

DeMorgau 174 

Dilwortli 77 

Duhamel 155 

Euclid 27 

Euler 76 

Fermat 58 

Greenleaf 127 

Lagrange 86 

Legendre 97 

Leibnitz 05 

Leonardo 33 

Maclauren 73 

Mouge 96 

Napier 51 

Newcomb 242 

Pascal 60 

Pythagoras 19 

Saundersou 71 

Sylvester 200 

Thales 18 

Wolff 71 

MecJwMics, Archimedes 27 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Mechanics, Newton 64 

Medicine, Cardano 43 

Galen 31 

Harvey 55 

Hippocrates 21 

Music, Blackman 243 

Mason 139 

Pythagoras 19 

Oratory and Rhetoric 

Adams 107 

Cicero 28 

Demosthenes 24 

Everett 143 

Hart 188 

Socrates 22 

Porter 114 

Russell 156 

Upson 219 

Philosophij, Aquinas... 33 

Aristotle 25 

Bacon 52 

Bain 205 

Berkeley 72 

Cicero 28 

Cousin 138 

Descartes 58 

Epicurus 26 

Fichte 103 

Gellert 82 

Hamilton 131 

Herbart 117 

Hume 78 

Kant 84 



14 



Classified Index 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Philosopliy, Leibnitz 05 

Locke 62 

Lucretius 29 

Mill 175 

Plato 23 

Pythagoras 19 

Schopeuhauer 132 

Socrates 22 

Spencer 211 

Spinoza 63 

Thales 18 

Wolff 71 

Zeno 26 

Zoroaster 17 

Phonography 

B. Pitman 217 

L Pitman 199 

Phrenology, Combe 131 

Spurzheim 118 

Physics, Bacon 52 

Barker 242 

Draper 193 

Franklin 75 

Grove 195 

Morse 136 

Newton 64 

Olmsted 134 

Priestley 86 

Tyndall 210 

Physiology and Hygiene 

W. A. Alcott 157 

Bain 205 

Carpenter 199 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Physiology and Hygiene 

kingsley 210 

Kotelmanu 252 

Preyer 256 

Sclireber 181 

Political Economy 

Atkinson 227 

A. Smith 84 

Theology, Agricola 41 

Aquaviva 49 

Aquinas -33 

Arminius 51 

Arnauld 60 

Bossuet 61 

Calvin 46 

Confucius 20 

Edwards 74 

Erasmus 35 

Francke 69 

Harper 149 

Jansen 56 

Knox. 44 

Loyola 39 

Luther 37 

Pascal 60 

C. E. Stowe 164 

Wyclif 34 

Xavier 46 

Zoroaster 17 

Zoology, Agassiz 180 

Audubon 121 

W. B. Carpenter 199 

Darwin 186 



Special Subjects and Text-Book Authors 



15 



PAGE 

Special Subjects 

Zoology, Huxle}^ 223 

Michelet 155 

Morse 250 

Wallace 216 

Text-Book Authors 

Adams 107 

Alden 177 

Antlion 153 

Backus 258 

Bailey 146 

Bain 205 

Baldwin 226 

Blackman 243 

Calkins 215 

W. B. Carpenter 199 

D. P. Colburn 217 

W. Colburn 141 

Dana 198 

Davies 156 

Day 115 

DeGraff 243 

Dilworth 77 

Euclid 27 

Farnliani 222 

French 221 

Gray 189 

Greenleaf 127 

Guyot 180 

Hart 188 

Johonnot 221 

Kotelmaun 252 



PAGE 

Text-Book Authors 

Legendre 97 

Loomis 194 

McElligott 197 

MacVicar 230 

Mace 268 

Mason 139 

Maxwell 269 

Morse 250 

Murray 93 

Olmsted 134 

Page 187 

Phelps 140 

B. Pitman 217 

I. Pitman 199 

Pooler 212 

Porter 1J4 

Preyer 256 

Rein 264 

Rickoff 222 

Russell 156 

Sauford 249 

Schreber 181 

Sheldon 220 

Steele 246 

E. E. White 232 

Wickersham 225 

E. Willard 128 

S. Williams 262 

S. G. Williams 225 

Woolsey 161 



1000? B. C] 



Persia 




ZOKOASTElt (I'ei-siun. 1000 :.- 15. C), is so liiinllv 
outlined i 1 history that little is certain except thaY 
he was a real person, and that lie lived more than 800 
years U. (J. JIo i'ound two slaves of culture strivin;: 
lor mastery,— the aliiirus. the breeders of cattle and 
the daevas, who maltreated the cow and lived bv 
plunder. He joined the loriner and led them to vic- 
tory. From tlie reli-ious dualism of his time he de- 
rived his dualisticseheiueof the universe. From the 
beginning there existed the spirit of good and the 
spirit of evil, Ormu/.d representing light and life 
and all that is good, and Satan all that is opposite. 
These spirits are in continual conllict for the soul of 
man. Wicked actions cannot be undone, but may l)e 
counter-balauced by good ones. When he dies if the 
balance of good deeds is in his favor he goes to para- 
dise; if the balance is against him he goes to eternal 
punishment. 



IS 



Greece 



[640 B. C. 




THALES (Greek, 640-54fi, B. C), the tounder ot 
Civ.-k- srennietrv, astronomy, and philosophy, anil 
chief ot " the sc-veu wise men of Greece ", owed much 
of his tame to lii^ [.vcdiction of the eclipse of the sun 
that occurr.Hi .M;n -'s, r.s5, B. C. He was enga-ed in 
trade and leannMl tlic empirical geometry ot sur- 
fMces'iu K"ypt. but added to this the geometry of 
lines and made it au abstract science. He thus laid 
the foundation of algebra, and he applied geometry 
to the measurement of heights and distances. He 
made valuable astronomical discoveries. In pliysics 
he believed that water was the origin of_ things, and 
th-it the earth floated upon a s^a ot this elemental 
lluid. He attril)iited the attraction of the magnet to 
its haviii"- a soul. He supposed all things to be full 
of .rods Yet all the Greek schools except that of 
l'vtlia"oras took their origin from his doctrine, and 
h6 was'hencethe founder of the philosophy of Greece. 




-ESOP (Greek, 620 ? -564, 15. C) was brought while 
young to Ath(ms as a slave, but was eventually freed, 
iind visited Croesus, king ot Lydia, who made him 
ambassador at Delphi and (charged him to pay four 
niiiiae to each of the citizens. Owing to some dis- 
pute he declined to furnish the money, and the Del- 
phians hurled him lieadlong from a precipice. The 
story tliat he was a monster of ugliness and deform- 
ity is now discredited, and it is believed that none of 
his fables are extant, those attributed to him being 
of oriental origin. They were popiilnr at Athens, 
but were not written, and were in i)rose. Several 
authors turned them into poetry, tliose of Pha'drus 
being most ccli'brated. The jxtpular stories concern- 
ing him come from a life prefixed to a book of fables 
purporting to l)e his, collected by Maximus I'lanudes, 
a monk of tlie 14th century, ".^sop appears as a 
guest in Plutarch's " ConTiviurn''. 



.")()() p>. ('.] 



TlIALKS, ,Ks()r. PvilIACoiJAS 




VVTHAGORAS (Greek, 583-500 B.C.), Was a native ov 
Samos, aucl about 529 emigrated to Crotoua, iu the 
south of Italy. Here lie became the centre of a wide- 
spread and luflueutlal organization, more like a re- 
ligious brotherhood than a philosophic school. nHo 
was a moral reformer rather than a speculative 
thinker, and the only doctrine of his school that was 
essentially his own was that of traasmigration of 
souls, or metempsychosis. He was the first to raise 
mathematics to a ^ience, uniting geometry with 
arithmetic. The central thought of his philosophy 
was the idea of number. His school was the first to 
discover the mathematical relations of musical inter- 
vals, and they considered tiie seven planets the 
golden chords of the heptachord— the harmony of the 
spheres. Dissensions arose about 510, and Pythago- 
ras withdi'ew to ^Metapoutum, where he died about 

500.S 



(/HINA 



[550 B. C. 




COSFUCirS (Chinese, 550-478. 15. ('.) appeuretl at a 
(M'iiic-;il iHTiod of his country's hi.slory, wlien riglit 
lirini-iplcs liad disappeared. lie was of illustrious 
liiir.mc, was eager for iearninj;, and at 21 became a 
line- her. In 517 his disciples were so numerous to fur- 
nisli him means to examine the royal library. At 51 
M' was made chief majristrate of C'hun<;too, and 
ruled SO well tViat ho was made minister of crime in 
Lu and lie became the idol of the people, but at 55 he 
hjst favor with the ruler. For 13 years he travelled 
111 the dirtVrent states. In 483 he was recalled, but 
i-'fused to take oflice, fiivinp; his last years to writing 
:iiid teaching, lie died in disappointment, but his 
death sent a thrill through China, and his teachings 
Ix'gan to prevail. The dynasty of Ts"in souglit to 
destroy his memory by burning his books, but the 
ui'xt dynasty lionored his name. Foremost of his 
principles wits the golden rule. 



375 ?B. C] 



Greece 



21 




ARISTIDES (Greek. ?- 468? B. C.>, surna.ned "the 
Just ' , first isppeiirs in history at the battlj of Jlara- 
thon, 4f»0 1!. (_'., where he w;is one of the ttn fieiicrals, 
and persuaded tlie others to yield supreuie coiiiuiand 
to Miltiades. He was made archoa at Atlieiis, but 
throuKh the machinations of Themistocles was bau- 
ished in 483. On the nijiht before the battle of Salamis 
he went to the tent of Themistocles, offered to assist 
him, and persuaded the other generals to follow his 
plan. In 479 he was general of the Athenians, and 
shared in the victory of Platffia, and in 477 lie recon- 
ciled the allies to Pausanias. When the allies formed 
a confederation under the Athenians, Aristides drew 
up the laws and determined the amount of tribute. 
^\■hen the vote occurred on his banishment, a stranuer 
asked him to write his vote. " AVhv do vou want to 
banish him?"' asked Aristides. "" Because I am 
tired of hearing him called 'The Just' "'. 




HIPPOCRATES (Greek, 460-375 ?, B. 0.) was oorn oi 
•I family of ])riest-phj"sicians. and studied medicini- 
und( r his fatlier. He was the first tocast aside super- 
Nlitionand Ijase the practice of medicine uponinduc- 
ti\e pli;los()|)h.y. He studied carefully the records 
made at the hospitals of ever.v case, and in his obser- 
\ itions upon the natural history of disease showed 
himself a great clinical physician. He employed 
l)0\\erful medicines and practised blood-letting, but 
jilaced great reliance on diet and regimen. Of the 
87 books attributed to him not all are genuine, but 
the\ have had wide influence, 70 editions being known 
of the "Prognostics" and 300 of the '"Aphorisms''. 
His age at death has been variously stated, at from SS 
to 109 j'ears. It is discredited that he refused to visit 
Persia during anepidemic because it would be aiding 
an enemy. He was venerated by the Athenians as a 
mm of integrity and morality. 



•)•) 



Gi;ki;ce 



[470 B. r. 




SOCRATES (Greek, 470-399 B.C.), who.se fondness for 
questioning lias made tnat form of Instruction com- 
monlj known as "tlie Soeratle method," left no writ- 
in{,s bi.'hind him, tint aiiiilleations of his method are 
tound in tue "MemnraUdia" of Xenophon, and in the 
dialogues of his pupil Plato. He beuau liie as a 
s( ulpt )r, but soon gave himself to education, concelv- 
ma. t lat hi had a divine couimission, witnessed by 
111 a h s, dreams, and signs, not indeed to teach any 
positive doctrine, liut t^i convince men of ignorance 
iiusta'-'ing itself for knowledge, and by so doing to 
niomote their intcllecfual and moral improvement. 
Ills Av hole time was s]irut in public, where he talked 
to all comers, questiduiiig tlu'in about their affairs, 
about their notions of moraUty, etc., seeming to be 
ignoiant of the result to wiiich their enforced an- 
swers tended. lie was accused of atheism and im- 
morality and tm justly condemned to death. § 



ISOCRATES (l-irefk. 4;W-:?.38 H. ('.) the iix^sl cclc- 
bratt'cl teacher of his age, had the best education 
Alli'Mi^ rniild airord. Having lost his fortune during 
ill'' l''l"!'"iiiH'--i:in war he adopted the profession of 
iiM''li ■!• iiiid in :'.'.'■,' opened his school at Athens. His 
iusLrui-l ion wa.-i based on rhetorical composition, but 
iucludeil also pliilosophiiial gras|) au<l treatment. 
I'icero says that in his school tlieehupieneeof Greece 
was trained and perfecded; itsdisciples were brilliant 
in ])ageanl or in battle, forcunost among the accom- 
plished writers or powerful debaters of tlnnr lime. 
It drew students from the islands of the Aegean, the 
cities of Sicily, and the distant colonies of the 
Euxine. Every one of the contestants at Halicarnas- 
sus in S.il had been tlu^ pupil of Isoerates. His fees 
were enormous, and he became one of the 1.200 richest 
citizens. Me surpassed in greater breadth of view, in 
a higher moralitx. and in thoroughness. 



338 B. C] 



Socrates, Tsor rates. Plat( 




JPLATO (Greek, 429-347 B. C), was the most dlstin- 
gulslied seliolar of Socrates. In Ills 40tli year lie be- 
gan teaclilug In tlie Academy at Athens his celebrated 
system of philosophy, known as Idealism. Ideas he 
calls the divine types or forms, constituting tne es- 
sences of things according to their several species 
genera, tamLhes and classes. Tliese Ideas are the 
.substance of all knowledge, and the human intellect 
attains to the substance of them by " dialectics," that 
Is, systematic examination and argument, by which 
the non-essential are distinguished from the essen- 
tial parts. Plato sougiit to establish a sound theory 
of human life, and in his "Republic" he describes in 
detail his ideal of a perfect community, describing 
how men must be taught and trained to perform their 
several parts In such a community. The supreme 
Idea is the idea of the good, and human perfection 
consists in acquiring the Icnowledge of good.t 



•24 



Greece 



[884 H. C. 




I)E)IOSTHENES (Greek, 384-3:>3, U. L\) was not slal- 
\\:irl 111 limly and liad sin iinpedimciit of speecli. yet 
bcranip the ur<'atcst of Greek orators. He entered 
luililic- life in 350, and till his death pU^aded consist- 
ently for Athensas the natural head of Greece and the 
ilelcniler of law against barbaric force. He urged 
I hat the Atheni.'in should set liis duty to the city 
MliDvehis private interests. His Pliilippic orations 
wire only parts of his main purpose, and he was one 
of the anibassa,(l()rs sent to Philip in 346. From this 
liuietill the battle of Chaeronea (338) his authority 
i;rew, and that (calamity left him still paramount. lii 
330 .Kscliines atlacked the proposition to jjrant De- 
nici^ibcries a frolden crown, and the latter triumphed 
overw helniinjily in his most splendid oration '"On 
the (.'rown ". In 322 he favored the Lam inn war. When 
(ireece was defeated he was condemned as a traitor 
and lied to ^Kirina., where he committed suicide. 



.122 B. C] 



Demosthenes, Aristotle 



25 




ARISTOTLE (Greek, 384-ai2 B.C.), Often called tne 
" Staglrite," was educated as a physician, but at 18, 
became a pupil o£ Plato, who called hlin ''the intel- 
lect of the scliool." Aristotle established a school of 
oratory. From ;i43 to 3t0 he was tutor of the prince 
Alexander. In aw he opened the "Lyceum," where 
he matm-ed his philosophy and attained his unsur- 
passed reputation as a philosophical writer and teach- 
er. From his habit of walking- ai^out in the garden 
while teaching, his was called the "peripatetic" 
philosophy, from fffpz7rar£/V, to walkabout. In 
:i2-Z he had to fly from Athens on charge of atheism, 
and he died that year atChalcis. He created the 
science of deductive logic, and wrote on metaphys- 
ics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, etc. In the 7th and 
8th cliapters of his ''Politics" he treats of education, 
holding that man should be trained by the State, t 



Greece 



[:M2 B. C. 




EPICURUS (Greek, 343-270 B.C.), was tlie soa of a 
schoolmaster, wliom lie assisted at Sainos aud at 
Colopliou, but became interested lu pliilosupliy, and 
iu 3U7 opened a garden at Atuens, wuere he taught 
for 36 years, tlie venerated hedd ot a remarkable so- 
ciety such as tne world had never seen, made up of 
both men aud women. The di'ink was water, the 
food was baney- bread. They were held together by 
the siren-like charm of his personality, and by the 
free sociality which he inculcated and exemplified, 
lie wrote 300 books,— tlie principal one a treatise on 
natm-e iu 37 volumes, of which iragments still exist. 
" Steer clear of all culture," was 'ais advice to a young 
disciple, in recoil from Plato and Aristotle, wlio 
seemed to him to teach aristocracy of Intellect rather 
than commonwealth of uappiness. Prudential wis- 
dom seemed to him the means of a happy life, aad 
thus the chief excellence. § 




ZESO (Gr(H;k, 342-270, 1!. ( .) founder of the Stoic 
school of philosophy, wns born in Citiuiii, canii' to 
Athens at 22, and alliirlicil liimself to the cynic 
Crates. Becoming- diss.-iiislii'd witli the cvnics' 'dis- 
regard for conveutioiKilily mid iiidilference to sjieou- 
lative iiniuiry, he joined tlie scliool of Stilpo. and 
afterw.-ird tliiit of Poleiuo, tlie iicMdciiiiciMn. He (hen 
opened a scliool of liis own in the " l';iinled Porcli " 
(drod TtoihiXif, hence the word stoic), where he 
lau'jlil. lionorcd liy all, till in old iiiie he coniniitted 
suicide. He adopted I he loLiieal criterion, the iul;ipta- 
tioii of Her:iclilenii ]diysics. Miid tlie introduction of 
the IcMdiiif;- ethiciil teirets. 'I'lii! Stoics held tliat the 
universi' is tioverned by one uood iuid wise God; (hat 
men li;ive bodies like ;inini;ils but rejison like goils; 
that thef^ood is not necessarily identified with haiipl- 
ness: :ind tlmt llii' fountiiin of virtue is life nci-ord- 
int; to nat iirc 



212 B. C] Ei'Kiiu's, Zexi), Euclid, ARCHT:\iEnKs 




EUCLID (Greek, 300 ? — ?, B. C.) is said to liave 
founded tlie matheuiatic.al school of Alexandria. 
l!ul little is known of him save his books, of which 
his •■ l':i('inents of (icometi'v " is the most famous. It 
was for :j() iTntui'ics tlie main te.\t-l)ook, and is still 
widely used. He replied to Kint; Ptolemy, who asked 
if he could not learn >;eometry more easily than by 
studyint;; the Elements, " Tliere is no royal road to 
geometry." "He arranged tiie discoveries of Eu- 
doxus, perfected those of Theaetetus, and reduced 
to invincible demonstration many tliinus that had 
previously been more loosely proved." As A])polo- 
nius was the great geometer, so Euclid was" tin; 
great elementator ". His treatment of parallells, 
however, dejiendson an axiom that is not axiomatic, 
and he makes sparing use of superimposure as a 
method of proof. Theclassificatioti, too. is imperfect, 
and tlie nomenclature defective. 




ARCHIMEDES ((ire('k, 1!. ('.. 287-212) was the most, 
celebrated geometrician of antiquity, but is known 
best for his application of mathematics to mechanics, 
ile invented the water-screw, and discovered the prin- 
ciple of the lever. Of the power of the latter he 
boasted, "Give me a place to stand on tuul I will 
move .the world." Being asked to see if there was 
silver in a crown of King Hiero ordered to be made 
of gold, without destro\ing it. he observed the dis- 
lilaceuient of water as he stepped into the batli and 
discovered that this would alford a test. He was so 
gi-:ilili.-d that he rushed through the streets niiked as 
he w :is. eL-\ inu ■■ iMireka", " ] liave discovered it." 
Kv iiiiHi.u-v ene-iues that lie invented he postponed 
tiie rail of Svracuse. \\hen Syracuse was taken he 
sat in the public square, drawing figures in the sand, 
and called to the Roman soldier not to spoil his circle, 
\;-',t Vie was remorselessly cut down. 



28 



Rome 



[100 B. C. 




MAUCIS TVLLIl'S CICERO (Roman. 106-J3 B.C. 

Ii 11111(1 I lu ;iicil iirattiry, :ui(l Greek philosophy aud 
lili 1 ituK iimliT the best teachers at Rome, at a time 
w 111 n the oi itor was a sneaker both in le^al and po- 
liiii il causes, and nesdcd, as he points out in his book" 

m ( due ition, " de Oratore ", almost universal knowl- 
1 (l_( His first important speech was deliv(Ted in 81 
15 t ind It W he was recojini/.ed as a leader at the 
Rom 111 bir In 76 he was made qiia'stor, and in 70 
nil] I I Ind the infamous Verres. In 66 he became 
I 1 I I 1 ind in one of his great orations (''pro lege 

\[(iiiili<i ) supported the appointment of Ponipey. 
In b? hi became consul, and foiled the plot of Cati- 
lini 1 or I time he was looked upon as the father of 
his ( ounti \ In 58 he was e.xiled, and in o7 he was al- 
most umnimously recalled, but could not re<:ain his 
loimir inHiiencP. His last years were spent at the 
b 11 md in w ritiuK works on "rhetoric and iihilosophy. 



43 B. C] 



Cicero, Lucretius 



29 




T1TU8 LUCRETIUS CARUS (Roman, 98-55 ? B. C). 

known as Lucretius, gives in his poem De Rernni 
yutura tlie most complete iiccouut of tlie chief 
effort of the ancient mind to explain the beginnins; 
of things and to understand the course of nature 
and man's relation to it. " I'hjsical philosophy in 
tlje iiresent day is occupied witli the same problems 
as are discussed in the first two books." "No one 
else combines in the same degree the contemi>lativc 
enthusiasm of the philosopher, the earnest purpose 
of a reformer and moral teacher, and the profound 
pathos and sense of beauty of a great poet. He 
stands alone among his countrymen as much in the 
ardor with which he observes and reasons on the 
processes of nature as in the elevation with which he 
recognizes the majesty of her laws." Little is known 
of his life except that he committed suicide in an in- 
terval of insanity. 



30 



IxnMK 



[8 B. C. 




- LUCIUS ANN.KUS SENECA (Koman, 3 B.C.-65 A.D.), 
tlie most brilliant figwe of Ills tiuie, aud *he most 
eminent of the writers of tiie silver age, had the wit 
to discover that conduct could furnlsn inexhaustible 
topics of abiding interest far superior to tlie imagin- 
ary themes set in scliools, aud treated plain matters 
of urgent personal concern with an earnestness tuat 
iiiiiied directly at the readers editieation, progress 
tuw^rd virfue, andgeneral improvement. His works 
ijf tiiis iciud, wliich might be called moral essays, are 
I'J "Dialogui's," 3 boul<s "On Clemency," 7 "On Ben- 
elils,"aud ^0 of "Letters to Lucullus." They are 
remarkable lor their auticlpatioa of modern ethical 
conceptions, and their exhortations to forgive evil 
and overcome evil Avith good, and tlieii" recognition of 
the principle of universal benevolence. In 48, Seneca 
was made tutor of Nero, and the first years of that 
emperor's reign sliow what principles he Inculcated. § 




MAKCrS AURELIIS AMOMXUS (Komau, 121 
IHO), iioblfst (jf p;ig;iMs and crown and flower of 
stoicism, was fasciuatcU l)v the ]>liilosophv of Diogne- 
tus. llie stoic, ;nid abandoned rhetoric aiul poetry for 
pliilosopliy and the law. In 140 he was made consul ; 
in 1()1 became joint empert)r will] X'erus. who married 
his dauuliter; and in 169 sole emperor. In 177 he in- 
stituted a. persecution of .llie Christians in which 
Polvcarp and .lustin perished, l)iit, it is evident thai 
he kiu'w nothinti' of Christian ethics, for the svstem 
of morality in the '• Meditations " of .Vnreliiis resem- 
bles that of tlie New 'I'estanienl. These meditations 
were written as occasion offered— in the midst of i)id)- 
lic business, sometimes ,iust before battle,— i)robablv 
for the guidance of his .son, and are the best non-in'- 
spired reflections on practical moralitv. ThcL'oal he 
aimed ai was tranquillitv. and his ii'recepts are tlie 
r<>cord of iiis practice. 



200? A. M.] Sexeca. Marcus AntELirs, Galex 




CLADirs GALEX (l;50-200-r) besau the stutly of 
iiu'div^^iue iu 14'j. and studied iu Alexandria under 
Heraclianus. In 104 he went to Rome, where h(! 
healed ICudemus and others, and became known as 
a "wonder-worker " and a '• wonder-speaker ". He 
was physician to Marcus Aurelius and to his son 
Coniiuodus. He wrote nearly 500 treatises, includ- 
ing works on losic, ethics, and grammar. Of puli- 
lished works attributed to him 83 are considered 
genuine. He was an unusually prolific writer on 
logic, and the fourth syllogistic figure has been at- 
tributed to him. Of all tlie writers of antiquit\- Ut- 
was the best anatomist. His writings are the com- 
mon depository of the anatomical knowledge of the 
day, the osteology being particularly complete, iuid 
his description of muscles nearly perfect. He be- 
lieved that nerves of sensation orisinated in ihe 
brain, and those of motion in tlie spinal chord, 



32 



France 



[741 




CHAKLEMAGNK (?4::-814) nilt'd the liiioruKnis 
Fi-aiikish territory lor 46 ywMrs, By 32 years of 
lighting he subdued the Siixoiis, the last Gerniiuiic. 
npijoiients of christiiuiity. In 800 he was cro\vne(l 
ciuperor of theRonuuis. But he showed the sainecn- 
■ ■ruy in internal as in external affairs, and calle<l to 
hiscourt men of lenrnini:. especially Alcuin, whoui 
Gui/.ot calls his intellect ual i)riine minister. Alcuin 
came to him in 78:^ and hectiine master of X\w palace 
school, where the king himself was an eager i)upil. 
In 7S7( 'harlemagnc sent a procla,mation to lheaI)l)ols 
iif ilic monasteries reproving tlieir illiteracy, and 
directing them to engage tit teachers. In 7W) he or- 
dered candidates for the prieslhood to be taken from 
the sous of freemen; and in 802 ordered every one to 
seiul his child to school, thou'jh he did not intend 
organized legal compulsion, a tliought far Ijeyond tlie 
nossiljilities of that age. 



1274] 



Italy 



88 




LEONARDO OF PISA (lUiliaii. r— :) was the sou of 

:i iin'ri-li:int of Pisu, and travelled about the Mediter- 
i-MHi'.-in. ai-(|uii'iuo' the geometry of Euclid, the alge- 
bra i>r K]s\ |it, and the arithmetic of ludia. In 1202 
he ]nil)lislii-d liis " Liber ^46a« ", setting forth methods 
of calculatinij- almost as completely as a modem 
arilhmi'tic. 'L'liis jirobablv ijaiued him access to the 
cmirl of l''riM.lcricl^ II. In' 1220 he published his " IJe 
Prtjcfira (;i:Oiiietriae'\ written fm- tliose familiar with 
Kuclid, able to follow riuorous demoustrations-and 
needinK them. It contains a trisouometrical chap- 
ter, with the expression " giiius versus a?T(W", and 
solves the problem to find a square number which 
remains a, square when 5 is added to it. In 1225 he 
wrote " Liher Quadratorum ". At a time when math- 
ematics in Europe had sunk to the lowest ebb he 
made it the task of his life to disseminate ancient 
mathematics in Arab dress. 




ST. THOMAS A<Ji:iN"AS (rtalian, 1225-1274) the 
apostle of >cholasticisni, studied in the university of 
Naples, and at the famous Dominican school at, 
Colotcne under Alberlus Maunus, whom he followed 
to Paris, where he was graduated in 1248. He re- 
turned to Cologne as lecturer, lie was chosen to 
represent at Rotne the Begy;ing P^riars in their con- 
troversy with the University of Paris, and secured 
for them the liberty of teaching. In 1257 he began 
to lecture, upon theology in Paris, Rome, etc., and 
from this time on his life was one of incessant toil, 
and usually of travel. In 1272 he was called back to 
the professor's chair at Naples, and wrote his great 
work " SumnM Theoloc/iae ". He refused an arch- 
bishoi)ric, and an abbacy, and died from over-e.\- 
posuro in travelling during illness. He did more 
than any other writer save Augustine to fashion the 
theological language of the church. 



;ii 



EN(iLANJ) 



[V^-Ii) 




JOHN WYCLIF (Rntrlish, 1820-1?W), "the greatest 
of the ret'Di'incrs licioiv tlic IJrfnniiation,'" was edu- 
cated at Oxford, and liiiide luasH'r ot Baliol college 
in 13(J1, but shortly ifsii,nifd to become a priest. In 
1374 he was second in a ((iiiiuiission sent to Bruges 
to confer with the ]r.t\y.\\ Icyare as to abuses com- 
plained of Viy tlie Engiisli ])arliament. lie became 
outspolcen against tli ; pope, and in 1378 was called 
to aci'i)unt for lust: erances, Init London citizens 
burst into tiic cliap'"' i"ifl friglitened the s^'iiod into 
stopping the procci'diii'^s. lie was au-ain sntninond 
before tlie prelaics at l.aiiil)f'tli. bin cscapi'd \\-itli an 
Injunction, lie now translati'd tlie IMiilc into Eng- 
lisli, and cliallenged the doctrine of transiiiisiantia- 
tion. In 1382 he was hanislied fromOxtord. and died 
two years later of paralysis. His followi rs were 
called tlie Lollards. He did much to establish sounder 
principles of education. 




J JOHN COLET (English, 1466-1519) after graduating 
from Oxford went to Paris and Italy to perfect him- 
self in the classics, then poorly taught in England. 
Here he formed liis friendship with Erasmus. On 
his return he ivad lectures at Oxford, and inLTOS be- 
canii' prebeii(lar\' and soon afti'r dean <it St. Paul's, 
London. The urea t work of liis life was t !ie found- 
ing i n 1.500 of SI . Paul's school tor the education of 
153 scholars "of all iiiiei(Jiis and countivs indilTer- 
ently." This was for the time (Jii a lari^e scale, and 
the course of iiist met ion was preseriUed witli wide 
and liberal vi^'ws, not untiiiged with severity. It 
was tlie lirst School ill Eny-land in which (ireek wa.S 
piiijlicly tauglit after t li(> revival of letters. The first 
master was t'.ie gramnuuiaii, William Lily. C'olet's 
religious opinions were so niiicli more liberal than 
those of his conteiniioraiies that he was deemed a 
heretic, and died iu retirement at Kichmond. 



15:50] 



lIoLI.AXn 




ERASMlS (Dutch, 1467-1536),tlie most famous schol- 
ar of the laii (fiitm-y, Is said to have "htid the egg 
which LuthiT hatched," aiding' the Reformation, and, 
doing much to bring- about the revival of somid learn- 
ing-. Though deeply imbued with the classical spirit, 
lie anticipated modern educational reformers by his 
advocacy of the value of scientific studies, and of the 
traimng of womeu.t lie was the nrst " man of let- 
ters " who had appeared in Em-ope since the fall of 
the Roman Empire, able to bring his vast acquire- 
ments to bear >ipon the life of his day. He dlil not 
study antiquity tor its own sake, but as an instru- 
ment of culture. At the outbreak of the Reforma- 
tion he was sought after by many universities, and 
his word was the law of the Humanists. But he was 
little ntted for troubled times. Ills influence de- 
clined, and he sank into neglect, and died at Basel, 
"• a man without a country. "§ 



36 



Germany 



[1473 




NICOLAIIS COPKRNICUS (Gerniaii, 1473-1543) after 
f(5ui' yi':irs nl tlic university of Cnicow, studied 
astrououiy at liolotriia and Padua, and in 1499 was 
made doctor of medicine, lu 1500 lie lield a chair o( 
mathematics at Rome, and in 1503 went to Frauen- 
burg. wh(^re he studied the stars. He evolved from 
the astronomical theories of his predecessors the 
present accepted theory that bears his name. The 
Jjreparation of his treatise De Orbimi Coelestium 
Eevolutionihiiii Libri VI occupied him from 1507 to 
1.530. Just after the booJc was finally printed in ]84§ 
he was suddenly attaclced for the first time by a vio- 
lent illness, and when acopy of the book was put into 
his hands he looked at it, seemed conscious of what it 
was, and then relapsed into insensibility, which soon 
lapsed into death. The book had been printed under 
sujjerintendencc of Rheticus, who had already pub- 
lished Copernicus's theories in a letter written in 1549. 



1546] 



Copernicus, Luther 



Ol 




MAIITIN LUTHER (Genuiui, 1483 1546), most noted 
ol the Protestiuit refonuers, was orilaimnl priest in 
1507, and became teacher in the Uiiiversitv of Wit- 
tenbei-fi. He srew iiidijinant at the sale' of iudul- 
Lieiices, and nailed 95 theses ajjainst thein upon the 
door of the church, den.vinjr to the pojie the power 
to forgive sins. In lo-il he declared himself before 
the diet at Worms, in 15ri9 enuaired in aconference at 
Marburij, and was near at hand when in 1530 tlie 
Protestant creed was established ac Auiisburtr. lie 
viKcrously opi)osed the schonis of the time, and 
soiiiiht to substitute a curriculum tliat would include 
Latin. Greek, Hebrew, history, mathematics, and 
music, with stronsremphasis upon reli'rion. and (ilaci 
for logic and rhetoric. Libraries were important, 
and home life should be disciiilined bv a trentle firm- 
ness which would assure prompt obedience, yet win 
cordial love. 



.•]S 



UAXCK 



[1490-? 




FRANCOIS liABELAIS (French, 1490?-1553),'- the 
greatest of French humorists, was brouglit up a 
Franciscan mci.k, but became In 1524 a Ueiiedictlue. 
In 1580 lie became a secular priest, was graduated in 
iiicdicine at Mdutpcllicr the same year, and In 1532 
became liuspital ijhysician at Lyons, wnere his 
" I'aulagTuel '" had appeared as early as 15 vJ, and his 
"(iarg-antua'' by 1535, ihnuuli ilic tlilrd bnek i.id not 
apiiear till 1546, the feurlli till i55-,>, and the tilth till 
alli'i- Ills death (15C2). In 1535 t he am iionlies at Lyons 
vntfd his ijosition vacant on amiunt ef his abseiices, 
and he thni-ifter led a wandering life, and nulhing 
certain is known as to his death. His " Life of Gar- 
gantua and the Heroic Deeds of Pautagruer" is a 
fantastic wiirk, much of it in revolting laiiguage, but 
exerted enormous influence. An excellent epitome 
of it is found in Williams's " History of Modern Edu- 
cation ■', pp. 68-73. 



155(i] 



Spain. The Ji-:.<riT Schools 



;u) 




IftJiATIlIS I)E LOYOLA (Spanish, 1491-1556), fouart- 
er of the order of the JesiHt«, was at first a soldier, 
and had a leg broken hy a cannon-ball at the defence 
of Panipeluna, Durin>;- his enforced idleness he read 
a book called " The Lives . it t lie Saint s ■■, wtiieii turned 
his ambition in a new direei ion. In lo^'O he hun"- up 
his arms, and devoted hiniseir to spu'ltual wai-fare 
He set out barefoot on a pil-rima'^e, and withdrew 
to a solitary cavern. He was afterward blessi-u l3y 
the pope, and went to the liolv Land, retui-nin"- to 
Barcelona in 15^4. He now Iieu'aii to educate liiinself 
for preaching, completing his studies at Paris, where 
in 1534 he lorininl tiie Soelef \ of Jesus, or the Jesuits 
who got from him n<it didy their general spirit, but 
their rules and cunstitutidus. lu 1S40 he was elect- 
ed first general of tlie society. " 8ince the revival of 
learning no body of men has played so prominent a 
part in education as the Jesuits." + 



40 



Spain 



[1492 




GIOVANSO LUDOVICO VIVES (Spanish, 1492-1540) 
was a I'rieud of Krasimis and of Sir Thomas More, 
who looked upon liini as a ])rodip:y. Schmidt calls 
him one of the most eminent teachers of his age. 
He lectured at Paris and at Oxford, and was the au- 
thor of several pedairogical books. He agreed with 
Erasmus in his estimate of the importance of edu- 
cation: in regard to the education of women, which 
he would make sufReient to enable them to study 
classic authors; in considering classical training the 
best means of culture: and in despising scholasti- 
cism. His ideal of the teacher is lofty, demanding 
hot only scholarshii) but aptness to impart, incor- 
ruptible morals, and a life worthy of the dignity of 
his calling. He advocated inductive teaching, all 
studies starting from the pupil's standpoint of ex- 
perience, the rules of grammar to be taught from 
observation of examples, etc.* 



1566] 



Germany 



41 




JOHAXX AGRICOLA (German, 1492-1566) founder 
of untinomiiinisui, studied at Wittenberg;, where he 
became iicijuuinted with Martin Luther, and in 1519 
accompanied him to the assembly of German divines 
at Leipzij;, actinK as secretary. After teachins: for 
a lime at Wittenberg he wentin 1535 to Eisleben as 
teacher in the school of St. Andrew. In 1536 he re- 
turned to Wittenberg as professor, and was welcomed 
by Luther; but controversy between them soon arose 
because of Agricola's view that Christians were free 
from the law, being under the gospel alone, a belief 
now called Antinomian. In 1540 Agrieola went to 
Berlin, and until his death was court preacher and 
superintendent at Brandenburg. lie wrote several 
theological works, and made a collection of proverbs 
(1528), which he illustrated with appropriate eoni- 
raentary. He is sometimes called from his birthplace 
Magister Islebius. 




PHILIPP MEIiANCHTHON (German, 1497-1560), 
" the Preceptor of Germany," was foremost among 
the practical educators of Ins century. At Ul he was 
made professor ot Greek at *V'lttenburg, and remained 
there till Ms death, lectm-mg on classics, the Bible, 
dogmatics, ethics, logic, and physics, sometimes to 
2,000 students, over whom he had remarkable Inflti- 
ence. His text-books were many and widely-used. 
Ho also interested iiimself in school organization. 
He would have three grades, tlje first teaching read- 
ing, writing, and a good stock ol Latin words; tlie 
second, grammar, simple Latin reading, and music ; 
the third, lor the elite youth, music, higher Latin 
autliors, and ability to speak and wi'ite in Latin. He 
believed that " no greater harm can be done to all 
arts, than wlien the youth is not well practised in 
''ranimar " ; but thought "too many rules ought' not 
to be glvea,lest tliey Mgliteii away by tlieir prolixity." 



42 



Switzerland. ''A B C Shootei^ 



[1491) 




THOMAS PLATTER (Swiss, 1499-1582) as a boy be- 
:;:iiiU' fau' to a i)iirty of " bacchants " or "A B C-shoot- 
crs ". who from 1300 to 1600 used to wander over Ger- 
many, stopping here and there to teach, and taking 
with tliem boys nominally as scholars, who really 
were obliged to beg and steal for them. After 15 years 
of tliis wandering, he ran away from his "bacchants" 
and went to school in Schellstadt and Znrich, where 
he studied day and night, keeping himself awake by 
putting raw turnips, sand, or cold water into his 
moutli.or grinding his teeth together, tutoring and 
nKil-;ing ro]ie for support. In 1541 he was appointed 
teaclicr of the school at Basle at a salary of 100 florins 
for himself and 100 florins for his assistants. He held 
the place successfully till 1578. In his 73d year he 
wrote an autobiography, which is among the best pic- 
tures extant of the school life of that time. It is re- 
markably frank and simple in narration. 



15.S2] 



Italy 



4n 




GIROLAMO CARDANO (luliaii, 1501-1575) ronk his 
dcjjree as doctor of inHdeciiit- at I'adua in 1525. By 
1538 he had bcL'oiiii' a celebrated ])hvsiciaii of Milan, 
and was professor of niathenia,tics there. Snbse- 
c|uently he taught in Bojosna till 1570. His works, 
published in 10 volumes in 1663, beijin with his auto- 
biography, and include treatises upon almost every 
department of learning; including observations oil 
heat, cold, light, colors, etc., since reproduced as 
original discoveries. He took deep interest in alge- 
bra and geometry, which he considered tlie higliest 
attainments of man's mind. Luigi Ferrari was his 
pupil, and he cooperated with Nicolo Tartaglia. As 
a physician he was called to Scotland to treat the 
bishop of St. Andrews, was received with honor b 
FCdward VI, and was made a member of the college 
of physicians at Rome. He was as remarkable for 
his eccentricities as for his mental powers. 



44 



Scotland 



[1505 




JOHN KNOX (Scotoh. 1505-J572) af tor education at 
tlie University of Glasgow was for some ten years a 
priest of tlie church of Rome, but in 1546 became a 
protestant and was called to be a minister. He was 
captured by the French and labored for a time in the 
icalleys. Upon his release in 1549 he went to Lon- 
don, and preached at Berwick for two years, where 
he substituted sitting for kneelinp; at communion. 
After the death of Henry VI in 15.53, he retired to 
the continent, and from" 1.556 to 1.5.59 preached and 
wrote in Geneva. In 1.5.59 he went to Scotland and 
was elected minister of St. Giles. He was anions the 
foremost in the establishment of presbyterianism, and 
and was one of the five to draw up a " Boke of Disci- 
pline", one-fifth of which, believed to be almost 
wholly his. is devoted to education, and determined 
the policy of the nation toward free schools. In 1.562 
lie was tried for treason but acquitted. 



1589] 



Germany 



45 




JOHAHN STURM (German, 1507-1589), the most re- 
nowned teaclier of his age, has left his Impress on the 
secondary school system on all northern Europe 
since his day. When 30 years old ho was called to 
.Strasburg- to organize the gymnasium, and was the 
head of It for 47 years. The fame of it drew pupils 
from all quarters, so that in 1578 its students num- 
bered several thousands. Its reputation was due to 
lis thoroughly systematic organization, being the 
first scheme we have looking to an (M;/e;(,dec?,.NV/.s';f-/,i,(U- 
?c, well-arHcuUitni com-se of studies; and to Its 
clearly defined aim to train pious, learned and elo- 
quent men. Sturm's method of teaching Latin and 
ureelv was by double translation, from Latin Into 
German, and rice-vfrsa. The pedagogic ideas which 
controlled Sturm's method were : All subjects to be 
kept within range of the pupil's present ability ; all 
teaching tc be made clear and definite ; little at a time 



46 



i;amk 



[1 .',()(; 




ST. FRANCIS XAVIER (Freucli. 1506-1552) alUT 
<ir;nlu;ili()ii rriiiu I'liris bfcaine in 1528 Aristotelian 
lc<-lui-iT at till' ColluKt^ Jf Bcauvais. Ignatius Loyolii, 
caiiii' tlirrc the same year, and reeofjuized in him the 
(lualities which made him tlie tir^t missiniiary of his 
time. He becalm- a .lesiiit in Vi'M. and in 153(i went to 
Italy intendinji' (oat lempt tlie conversion ut the Mos- 
lems in Palestine, but Ijy tlio outbreak of war was 
compelled to remain in Italy. After the pope had 
conlirmed the order of Jesuits in 1540 he became sec- 
retary, but was soon made papal nuncio in India, 
wliere he was so successful as a missionary that h<^ 
was credited with a miraculous yift of toiiKues. In 
1547 he sailed for Japan, remainint^ until 1551, and in 
1553 went to China where he died of^ fever. His noble 
and brilliant work is ackuowledsfd by all writers, 
catholic and protestant alike. lie has been well named 
•The apostle of the ladies". His body is buried at Goa. 




JOH>' C4LV1N (French. 1509-1.564) was educatcHl 
for the Catholic priesthood, butchanired to tlie studv 
of law. Still he studied the Hilile. and became a fol- 
lower of Luther, .\bout 1.5:W Ik; yave up the law for 
theolojiy. In 1.532 he published his tirst book, '■ />^ 
C7f/«?ni'ia ", and became recognized as the head of 
the Reformation movement in France. In 1.534 he 
celebrated the first Proleslanl coiuiuunion ncir I'oi- 
tiers. To escai)e [lersecut ion he retired to ISasle in 
Switzerland, where he ])repared his "Institutes of 
the Christian Keli;:ioii "' (1.536). He joined Fand at 
(ii'iieva. and liec.-ime teacher of theology. Here ho 
sdimht t(i estalilish schools tlirouuhout Switzerland, 
with religious instruction prominent. In l.iSThe was 
b.-mished from the city, and lived till 1.541 in Strass- 
burg, returning then to (ieneva. In 1.5.53 he secured the 
conviction of Servetus, who was burned at tlie stake. 
He secured theocratic government in .Switzerland. 



Encji.a.nd 



47 




R«m;ei{ ASCir.VM ^EnglisU, 1516-1568), was the l)f>sl> 
kimwii I'li^lisli i>'aeli(.'r of the sixteenth century, 
beiiiu- tutiii- aniiiiiu- dlUers to Colleen Elizabeth. He 
eniliiiilicd his practice and ais opiniuus In "Tlie 
ScliiHiliiiaster," which haslJecome an Englisli classic. 
Tliis licjuk gives the author's metliocl of teaching 
Latia (liy double translation), with charming- tUgres- 
sii HIS on' pedagogic topics. He believed that grani- 
ijiat leal li_)rias and rules ai'e "sooner and surer learned 
Ijy examples of good autliors than liy the naked riUcs 
oiu'i'ammarians." "Eretliesi-liulni'liavcciiiisunrted 
parsed, twice translated over liy gnod advertisenuml, 
marki'd (i\it his Six points by skilful lud.Lj-ment, he 
-luill ii:i\ r necessary occasion to i-ead ovci- every lec- 
tiii-e a iinicii, tiiiies at the leant; wliirh l)i'cause he 
shall always do in order, he sliall do it always with 
pleasure . . . aud pleasure allureth love ; Idvc hatli. 
lust to labor ; labor always obtaiucth his pmpose." 



48 



France 



[153^ 




MICHEL KY(^UE>i ae MONTAIGJfE (French, 'I53:j- 
1592), lu liis biilliaut " Essays" founded the school of 
thinkers on education of which Locl^e and liousseau 
were afterward the great exponents. In teaching 
languages he would discard grammar and teach by 
conversation. He Insisted upon pliysical education 
"-We have not to train up a soul, nor yet a body, but 
a man; and we cannot divide him."t Put in the 
shuitest form, Montaigne's Idea of the end of educa- 
th <n IS, t h It a man should be trained to the use of his 
()\v n 1 1 ,is(in. "A man can never be wise save by his 
( ' //' /t u 1 s( i(jm. " The Icey-notes to his method are these : 
— Selt-activlty of the pupil In the use of all his pow- 
ers and capabilities ; tlnugs before words ; judgment 
and understanding before memory; adaptation of 
instruction to tlie pupils' present abilities.* Like 
Milton and Locke, lie dealt only witU the education 
of gentlemen. > 



ANOTHER PORTRAIT 



j(M.*,] 



Holland, Italy 



49 




LUDOLF von CEULEN [sometimes writeiiKEULEN 

;iiul COLLES] (Dutch, 1540-1610) famous for upjiroxi- 
matiiii; tlie s(iuariiig of the circle, was born at Hil- 
ik'sheim, anil became teacher of mathenintics in 
Livlaud,' Antwerp, Breda, Amsterdam, IJeHt, and 
Arnheim, and professor of Krieusbaukunst in the 
University of Leyden. He wrote '" Van den ( 'erckel ' 
(1596) and "De Arithmetische en geometrische fon- 
damenten " (1616). The Jews had regarded the ratio 
as 3, the Egyptians as 3.16-|-, Archimedes as 3 1-7+, 
Ptolemy as 3. 141553. and the Hindus as 3.1416. Adrian 
of jMetz by a lucky but illosical process got 6 correct 
fractional figures,' Viete got 10, Adriaan von Roomen 
got 15. Von Ceulen calculated the ratio of the circum- 
ference to the diameter with great labor to 35 decimal 
places. The number so obtained, 3. 14159-1- was called 
after him the Ludolf number, and the35decimals were 
cut into his tombstone in St. IVtcr's church, Leyden. 







CLAUDIUS A(}UAVIVA (Italian, 1543-1615) entered 
the (jrder of Jesuits at 25, and at 38 became its head. 
The organization of this body was largely his work. 
In 1C84 he appointed a school commission, consist- 
ing of six distinguished Jesuits from the various 
countries of Europe, who spent nearly a year in con- 
sultation at Rome. They framed the ordinances 
regulating studies of the order which after revision 
and approval by Aquaviva finally appeared as the 
" lliitio atqiie Institutio StuiHiiiiun. societatis Jesu" 
(l.">i)9), one of the most famous <<[ piNhi'/ogical books. 
Ijy this the order wasgoverm^d until 1832, when the 
curriculum was enlarged to include ph^'sical science 
and the modern languages. One of the most impor- 
tant of the many superior features of this system was 
the careful training of teachers, two j'ears oi' prepara- 
tion being held indispensable. It also provided care- 
fully for the pliysical welfare of the students. 



50 



Denmark 



[1546 




TV€HO BUAHE (Danish, 15-16-ltiOl) leariu-d Latin 
at seven, and in 15r>9 w as sent to Copeuhajien to study 
idiilosophy and rhetoric. The great eclipse of the 
sun, Aug. 2], 1560, occurring at the instant predicted, 
called his attention to astronomy, and though sent 
in 1562 to Leipzig to study law he gave all his atten- 
tion to the stars. Having continued his studies at 
Itostock and Augsburg, in 1571 he returned to Den- 
mark, where his uncle helped him in his researches. 
In l.">74 he read lectures at Copenhagen, and in 1575 
iravi'lled through Germany to Venice. To prevent 
his removing to Basle, King Frederick II of Den- 
mark gave him funds for an observatory at Uranien- 
burg, but after the king's death Brahe \vas compelled 
to give up his work there. He went to Prague, where 
he was magnificently treated, but died before he had 
long enjoyed his fortune. He had however been joined 
by Kepler, who owes his fame to Brahe's lessons. 



i(-U7] 



En<;lam), Holland 



51 




JOHN NAPIER (Enslisli. 1550-1617). the iiiveiuor ..f 
lutiariilims, aud the first KuKlishman to take part in 
the .-iilvaiice of science, after education at St. An- 
il i-ews and Paris settled down in Scotland as a coun- 
try scpiire, engased in political aud theological con- 
ti-sis. and invented engines of war. But in ]fil4 he 
published his treatise on logarithms, explaining their 
use l)ut not theirconstruction. This ablirevi.-iticni of 
niulli|ilieati(insand divisions he \viirke<l nut by arith- 
metic and geometry alone, not recognizing theireon- 
nection with the exponents of algeVira. In 1617 he 
published his " Rabdologia ", showing the use of num- 
erating rods, commonly called "Napier's bones", 
for multiplication and division. He also gives a 
method bythe use of little plates of metal in a box. 
and another, "' local arithmetic '", which is performed 
on a chess-board, and is based on the expression of 
iiumbers in the scale of r.adix 2. 




JACOBUS ARMIXIUS [or HKRMANUSJ (Dutch. 
I. )tii)-lti(»l»). founder of Arminianism, after education 
.11 Le\(|en went in 1582 to Geneva and Kasle. travelled 
in I5«()in Italy, visited Rome, and in 1.588 was ordained 
at Amsterdam. He was commissioned to organize 
the educational system of the city, and did it well. 
In 1603 he was made professor of theology at Leyden, 
where he remained till his death. He was the founder 
of the anti-Calvinistic school of theology. Calvinsim 
had become supreme in Holland, but the rigor of 
uniformity provoked reaction. Arminius was chosen 
in 1589 to controvert Koornhert, who opposed a con- 
ditional to unconditional predestination. Thus led 
to study the subject, Arminius found himself inclined 
to assert the freedom of man and limit the range of 
the unconditional decrees of God. He was made rec- 
tor of the university in 1605. but resigned after one 
year. He died worn out by uncongenial controversy. 



52 



England 



[1561 




FRANCIS BACOX (English, 1561-1626) was a preco- 
cious child, and entered Cambridge at 13. After 
study in Paris he practised law, and began to advance 
rapidly about 1603. becoming attorney-general- in 
1613, keeper of the great seal in 1617. and lord chan- 
cellor in 1619, with the title Baron Verulam. (He was 
never Lord Hacon.) Hut he used this last ofiice eor- 
ni|)tly, and in 16:31 was convicted on his own confes- 
sion, and banished from public life. Though he was 
iMc.'in In character, he was magnificent in intellect. 
His ■■ Ivssays " appeared in 1597, his " Advancement 
of Learning " in 1605, his •' Nomiin Orgunon " in 1620. 
Hy recalling the mindfs of men from barren specu- 
hition, and from exclusive humanistic study, to the 
relief, of man's estate throusrh the investigation of 
iinture by exact observation and rigorous experiment 
leading to induction of her laws, he added an entire 
jiedagogy .-iihI a new realm of profitable study. 



1642] 



IjALY, Germany 



58 




GALILEO GALILEI (Italian. 1564-1642) in 1581 
bctiiin to study medicine at Pisa. In 1583, while 
watching the vibrations of the great bi'onze lamp in 
the ciitlicdrul he discovered the isochronisiu ot the 
jjendulum, using it more than fifty years later in the 
construction of an astronomical clock. In l."88 he 
bocami! mathematical lecturer at Pisa, and began the 
series of experiments that brought on him theenmity 
of the followers of Aristotle, as when from the lean- 
ing tower he showed that the velocity of falling 
bodies is not proportional to their weight. From 
159:i to IGIO he was professor of mathemal ics at Padua. 
In 1609 he made a telescope and in IHIO discovered 
■Iupiter"s satellites. He had defended theCn]ierniean 
Ihcory. Ijutin 1816 was admonished nottohold, teach, 
ordcfcnd it, and was silent till in 1632 he published 
his •• Dialogue of the Two Systems ". This was con- 
tlenmed, and he died iu nominal iinprisoumeut. 




1 \ 



bi I. 



.M>H> KEPLER (German, 1571-1630), the founder of 
l)li\si il islronomy. after education in theology at 
luimi _ n, reluctantly accepted iu 1594 the chair of 
s( 1 n It Gratz, afterward becoming assistant to 
1.1 ihe at Prague. On the death of the latter he 
1 d hira as imperial mathcni.-itiriari, and was 
I u^li d\\ith Brahe's papers and tabh's. He had long 
111 undertaken to account for the solar system, 
in 1609 he published his observations on the orbit 
ol Mils establishing the laws of elliptical orbits 
111 I pi il aieas. In 1619 he published a treatise on 
( 111 K ( stablishing the third law, that of the sesquip- 
li It 1 itio between the planetary periods and dis- 
t 11)1 ( s He had in 1612 removed to Linz as mathe- 
m itK lau for Upper Austria, in 1627 going on account 
of the siege to Ulra, where he published his "Rudol- 
phine Tables ". The duke of VVallenstein assumed 
the salary due him, and iu 1628 he removed to Sagan, 



France 



[157(; 




/ 



VINCENT DK PAUL (French. 15r6-1660>, an Illus- 
trious saint of t ho Catholic rlinrch, was mado a priest 
in 1600, and sciiiu after \\-as capturedby iiiratcs and 
sold into slavery :it 'I'nnis. lie reeonverled liis mas- 
ter to Christ i:inily. and escaped td Fi-aiice in l('i07. 
He hecame teaeiier of I lie cliildren of tlie eonuuand- 
ant of the .u-alleys at :\larsi'illes, and in IGIO was made 
almoner-g-eneral of tlie galleys. Wliile here he 
offered liimself, and was accepted, as a [irisoner in 
place of a convict i verwhelmed with grief at leaving 
his family destitute. :Meanwhile he had founded ah 
assoeiatinn of jiriesls called Lazarists, who devote 
tlieiiiselves to tlie work of assisting the clergy hy 
preaching in districts te wliich they are invited by 
local pastors. From this timehislifewasdevotedto 
works of charit.\- and lieiie\olence. He established 
the first foundling hospital at Paris, and provided 
lor the education of this hitherto neglected class. 



1G60] 



England 



55 




WILLIAM HABVEY (EhkHsIi, 1578-1657), the dis- 
coverer of the circulation of the blood, after graduat- 
ing from Cambridge in 1597 went to Padua to studv 
medicine, returnino; in 1603 an M.D. In 1607 he be- 
came fellow of the Royal college of physicians, and 
in 1615 lecturer. In his first course of lectures he 
brought forward his theory of the circulation of the 
blood, showing that the blood in the arteries was of 
the same kind as that in the veins, and that the heart 
was the motive power of its movement. His theory 
lacked only the capillary channels by which the blood 
passes from the arteries to the veins, discovered in 
1661 by Malpighi. H,is life was full of honors.' In 
1609 he was made physician of St. liartholoraew's 
hospital : he was physician of James I and of Charles 
I: he was warden of Merton college, O.xford. and in 
16.54 elected president, resigning the next day, but 
becoming concilarius. He left the college his estate. 



56 



France 



[1585 




i 



CORNELIUS J ANSEN (Dutch. 1585-1638) after ^rad- 
iiation in Iti-lU lioiu Louvain taught for a time in 
Paris, and afterward beouuie head of the episcopal 
coUefje at Bayonne. In 1017 he returned to Louvain 
to take charge of tlie college of St. Pulcheria, but 
aave it up to become in 1619 professor of theology, 
and in 1630 of iJiblical exegesis. In 1636 he became 
bishop of Yi)res. He died wliile jjreparing to print 
his great worli upon St. Augustine, upon wliich he 
liad spent 22 years. It appeared in 18-10, with an 
epilogue attacking the distinctive theology of the 
.lesuits, and making claims as to predestination not 
unlike those of Calvin. In 1641 it was prohibited by 
the Inquisition, and in 1643, 1653, and 1705 by papal 
Ijiills. It was because Arnauld and the other Por- 
Royalists refused to yield to this condemnation that 
1 heir schools encountered such fatal opi)osition from 
the Jesuits, and in 1710 the schools v.'ere closed. 




JERO.HE BICiNOX iKrench. 1.589-16.56), to whom was 
due the founding of the Port Royal schools, was a 
in-ecocious child. Before he was 10 he had acquired 
an enormous amount of information, and at 12 he 
published "Chorographie, ou Description de la Terre 
Saiute". Henry IV made him tutor to the Dauphin. 
In 1604 he wrote his " Discourse on the City of Rome" 
and in 1605 a "Summ.ary Treatise on the Election of the 
l'o|)e". Afterwards lie devoted himself to the study of 
(he la.w, wrote in 1610 a treatise on the treatise on the 
prticedency of the kings in France, and in 1613 edited 
Merculf(!'s' " Formulae '". In 1620 he became advocate- 
ucn(!ral to tlu' grand council, and in 1626 to th(i parlia- 
mi'ut of Paris. In 1642 Richelieu put him in charge 
of the pul)lic. library. He was interested in Saint- 
(lyran's i(h'as upon (education, and ]iut his two sons 
into Saint-Cyran"s hands: it was for them that the 
Port Roval schools were founded. 



1671] 



Germany 



57 




JOHN AMOS COMENIUS (Moravian, 1592-1671), was a 

Blsliop of the Moravian Brethren, but gave a life of 
untiring' zeal to dev^elop a system of education that 
sliould educate. He took up the worlv begun by Ra- 
ticli, aiul began by simplifying the Latin grammar. 
He afterward wi'ote '■'■Dklactica Magna" but in the 
meantime published (1631) his '■'■Jaii.ua Liufjiurrum,^" 
which soon made him famous. A simpler edition, il- 
lustrated, was issued in 1657, under the name of 
" Orbift J'iciii.s," a series of rude engravings of sensi- 
ble objects, accompanied by a description of tliem in 
short and easy sentences. Tkis became the most 
popular text-book in Europe. + He was first to bring 
the mind of a philosopher to bear practically on the 
subject of education. Montaigne, Bacon, Milton had 
advanced orinciples, but Comenlus applied them. 
His principles are fully stated in his '• Llfea,Qd Works" 
by Laurie '$1.00).© 



58 



France 



[1596 




KENK DESCAKTKS (Frencli, 159G-1650) alter an aft- 
venturovis early life had voliinteerecl lu the Bavarian 
seiv.ce uiKl lu I8l9was in quarters at NeuL)Ur<^on 
the Danube, when ho ji'ot tor- fleeting on the science 
of method, ai.d was tilled witli entliusiasm as he 
reru^-ulzed that he had slniel< the rnots oi a, marvel- 
ous science. Ju Kir.'l lie quit military Hcrvie»;aiid be- 
f;;.iu t(j devote himself tu study and reilcciiuu. From 
ICriO (o iiMii he lived in llelland, and lie liad been but 
a few i]ji,>uths at tlie Swedish court, when he died 
suddenly. "Had De>seartesc(iiitnliuted tu education 
niitliluy more than the fundamental maxim (jf his 
met hod, he would have deserved luny icmembi-ance 
in lis history: * * * -never to receive lor true 
anything' that Is not known to be such on reliable 
evidence : and to comprise no more in oxu' judgment 
than Avhat is so clearly presented to our minds that 
we have no occasion to call it in question '." * 




PIEKBE (le FEBMAT (French, 1601-1665) wus for 
some time councillor of the parliament of Toulouse, 
and an accomplished general scholar, but became 
famous as a mathematician. While still a boy be 
made some discoveries in regard to the properties of 
numbers on wliioh he afterward built his method of 
calculating proljabilities. He discovered a simpler 
method tlian that of Archimedes of quadrating par- 
abolas, and a method of finding the greatest and 
smallest ordinates of crool^ed linos. His method led 
to a controversy witli Descartes. His complete niath- 
einatical works were published in 1670 and 1679. The 
first volume contains llie "Arithmetic of Diopliaii- 
tus " with notes and additions. The second, besides 
tlie papers already referred to, contains treatises on 
maxima and minima, on taugenis, on centres, on the 
rectiflcationof curves, various other treatises, and his 
correspondence. 



in74] 



England 



59 




JOHX MILTON {English, 1608-1674), known to his 
own age as a vigorous political pamphleteer and a 
learned theological controversialist, and to all after 
ages as the author of "Paradise Lost," was also a 
schoolmaster, undertaking in 1639 the education of 
two nephews, and afterward taking in other pupils. 
He published the tractate, "•Of Education" In 1644 
Mark Pattlson says his deflnition of education has 
never been improved upon: "I call a complete and 
generous education that which nts a man to perform 
justly, skilfully, and magnanimousl3' all the ottices. 
both private and public, of peace and war."1: The 
young were to be led on " by the Infinite desire 
of a happy nurture ; for tlie hill of knowledge, labori- 
ous Indeed at the first ascent, else is so smooth, so 
green, so full of goodly prospect and melodious 
sounds on every side, that the harp of Orpheus was 
not more cliarmlng."t 



60 



France 



[1612 




ANTOINE ARXAULD (French, 1612-1694), the most 
celebrated of llii;' Port Royal authors, was the 20th 
child of the most famous advocate of his time, who 
ill 1594 had defended the University against the Jesu- 
its. He took his dejiree as doctor of theolofiy at the 
Sorboune in 1641, and gave himself and his property 
to Port Royal. He esjioused the cause of the jansen- 
ists. and in 1643 he published his treiitise Be la fri- 
quente Comininnon, especially directed against the 
Jesuits. In 16.")5 a. lesuit confessor refused absolution 
to the due de Liancourt unless he dismissed his jan- 
senist chaplain and withdrew his granddaughter from 
Port Royal. Arnauld wrote the duke two letters upon 
this affair, one of tliem containing what is now the 
celebrated distinction de jure and Oe facto. The Sor- 
boune expelled Arnauld, who was defended by Pascal 
in his Provincial Letters. In 1679 he was compelled 
to flee to the Netherlands, and he died at Brussels. 




BLAISE PASCAL (French. 1623-1663), great as a 
mathematician, as a philosopher, and as an author, 
was precocious, writing at 16 .a treatise on conic 
sections that made Descartes incredulous. In 1648 
he made experiments on atmospheric pressure that 
completed the work of Galileo and Torecelli. He 
made a calculating machine, and contributed to the 
i iiliniii'smal calculus, the equilibrium of fluids, the 
umi li.MiKitioal theory of probability, and the iirciix'i-- 
lics mI' the cycloid. In 1652 his sister Jac(|ueliiie 
joined the Port Royalists, and in 1654 he threw him- 
self with devotion into that cause, defending them 
in his 18 "Provincial Letters '", which Voltaire de- 
clared to have the wit of Moliere and the sublimity 
of Uossuet,' while Gibbon says he learned from them 
to manage the weapon of grave and temperate irony 
even on subjects of ecclesiastical solemnity. His 
" Pensees" appeared in 1669. 



1704] 



The Schools of Port Royal 



61 




>T> 



MARIE de RABUTIN CHANTAL, MAR({LISE de 

SEVIUNE (Fi-ench, 1636-1696), most charuiiu.LC :iiid 
;iiluiir:ible womsui of her time, reoLnved an excelleni 
c'lluration, and after marriajje in 1644 became one of 
the most prominent members of the circle of the 
Hotel Rambouillet. After her daughter married the 
tjovernor of Provence, she wrote the letters which 
Thou'-ih not intended for publication appeared after 
liiT death and made her famous, being of great his- 
inrical interest and the highest literary merit. Her 
cliaraoter is unsullied, for her heart was given entirely 
to her children, and her sweet and hapjiy temper 
played lightly even with sorrow and sin. She was on 
intimate terras with the Port Royalists, and -was a 
convert to the moral philosophy of Nicole. She 
lived to see her sou and her grandson married, and 
(lied after nursing her daughter through a serious 
Uness. 




JAtOrES BEMGNE BOSSLEl ( Krmch. 162;-i7U4) 
while ;i,t the .Jesuits college in Dijon was so thrilled 
w ith Hebrew poetry that he was often called '■ a man 
of one book'" from his absorption in the Bible. In 
1643 he was sent to Paris, and at 16 his attainments 
Ml the university were the talk of the town. At 24 
III- was made archdeacon of Met/, but was frequent- 
ly csilled to Paris to preach, and in 1662 Louis XIV 
:iricr liearing him wrote to felicitnle his father upon 
liavrng such a son. In 1670 he became preceptor to 
I lie dauphin, and resumed his own education the 
Ketter to instruct his inipil. writing several books, 
I he most noted one upon universal history. In 1670 
he published his Exposition of Catholic doctrine. In 
I6S1 lie became bishop of :Meaux. and drew up the 
decision of the assembly appointed to settle the dis- 
putes as to the pow er of the king and of the Pope. He 
is often quoted in regard to the Port Royal schools. 



62 



England 



[1632 




^ JOHN LOCKE (English, 1633-1704), long' celebrated 
as a philosopher, has exerted wide influence on edu- 
cational history thi'ou'^h his "Thoughts concerning 
Education," and in a much smaller degree uy his es- 
say on "Studies." He thinks education consists In 
1st, virtue ; 2d, wisdom ; ad, good-breeding ; and 4tli 
and last, learning. " Nc but that I think learning a 
great help to well-disposed minds; but yet ItTOust 
be confessed that in others not so disposed it helps 
them only to be more foolish or worse men." Wis- 
dom is a blending of pinideuce, foresight, knowledge 
of the world, and ability in affairs, with an aversion 
to mere cunning. Locke strenuously objects to fre- 
quent resorts to the rod.* 'In all tne parts of edu- 
cation, most time and application is to be bestowed 
on that which Is like to be of greatest consequence 
and f requentest use. " It may be doubted whether wo 
have yet reached the full application of his principles, t 



r()4] 



Holland 



H8 




BAltUCH SPINOZA (Uutcb, 1632-1677) ihe "-roat- 
pst moderu expounder of pantheism, was of Hebrew 
parentage, but became a student of Descartes and in 
Ifioh wnsf'xcommunicated. For a time he supported 
lunisrli ),v urinding lenses, refusing a professorship 
.11, iichi.ii.iTu-, and a pension ou condition that hl^ 
.sljoukl dcdicale a worl: to Louis XIV preferring to 
live on a pittance. His philosophy was a pure 
mouisin. in which the sole foundation is substance 
and IS mainly contained in his Ethica. His Be In- 
tellectas Emeiukttione, published posthumously has 
been translated and is the most available brief sum- 
mary of his philosophy. Its purpose is search for -i 
joy which shall be permanent, and consequentlv the 
discovery of the highest good. " The reformation of 
intellectual procedure" is the first step and he dis- 
tinguishes four classes of ideas, and eight properties 
of the mtellect. Eternal truths are necessary truths 



64 



England 



[1642 




SIB ISAAC NEWTON (English, 1642-1727) after 
sradualior. from ('amiiridue in 1665 was made fellow 
in 1667 and professor in 1669. From 1687 to 1690 he 
sat in i>arlianient for Cambridge, beinji associated 
with .John Locl^e. His fireatest work was his dis- 
covery of the theory of tiravitation, to which his 
attention was called' by the fall of an ajjple in 1666. 
Ijiit the tlicory was not elaborated till 1685. From 
Keiiler's laws' he proved that the attraction of the 
SUM ii|)on till' planets varies as the s(|uares of their 
distances. His " rrincipin "' was published iu 1686-7. 
his method of fluxions in 1693, and his " Optics '" in 
170-1. From 1703 till death he was president of the 
Royal Society. In 1696 he was made warden and in 
1690 master of the mint, holding: the place till death: 
the reformation of English coinage was largely his 
work. The reflecting telescope was devised by him, 
through disbelief in acromatic lenses. 



AXOTHFR PORTK.M'l' 



1727] 



German^ 



65 




"'•'II" '''''I'-ian aucl „,uf o^^ \^ philosopher, 

l^atin an.i Gix4- if h /f.ul, f S['^ ^'"^"^^"^ himself 

ml <li'>''o^erin"-thc(litf^ront; , i • ^- ^- °f London, 
1 ro,n 1676 to his de^th hP , ' ''° 'ntesral calculus 
•lake of Brunswik-Lflnenbur'^' 'por^f r'''^V°'^ °^ ^^^^ 
to unite the Catholi^"nn?i p/v For a time he strove 
171? he was made a baron mul?/'''"* ^^urches. In 
t.. iHs PhiIosophicalTo"rks "a'^cltf-Tli'l^^^^feS;^^' 



66 France [1651 




FRASCOIS DeSALIGNAC de LAMOTnT: FENELON 

(French, 1651-1715), arcbblsbop of Caiubray, was from 
1675 to 1685 superior of a community louiicled for 
women converted from Protestantism, and wrote at 
this time his Avoric "On the Education of Daus'iit'^rs". 
From 1689 to 1695 lie was made tutor of tlndauiiliUi's 
son, the Duke of Bm'ffimdy, a boy of vi( jIi nt tiniper, 
yet warm-hearti'd and keen, over wlmni Fenelon 
acquired so bem flfnit an influence tliat his life 
would have t)Ptn ablrssing to France had he lived 
to reign. Fenelon bciame involved in a theologi- 
cal discussion of tlie doctrines of Mollnos, and in 1699 
was banished from court. The principles on which 
he based the young prince's education are eniVjodied 
in his "Adventures of Telemachus".hls "Fables", 
and his " Dialogues of the Dead ", all of Avhicli had 
large circulation. Moral lessons he alwa,\s incul- 
cated, by examples rather tliau by bald precepts. 



1719] 



Fenelon, ]j\ Salle 



(17 




JOHN BAPTIST DE L.4. SALLE (French, 1651-1719/ 
founder of tUe Brothers of the Chiistian Schools, 
was ordained to the priesthood In 1671, and in 1682 
chose as his life-^vork the education of the working'- 
classes, and the teaching of poor boys. lie took 
charge of schools that had been staited in the dif- 
ferent parishes of Rheims, and as the teacliers in- 
creased secured a house for headquarters, estab- 
lished rules of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and 
chose a distinctive dress. In 1688 lie established his 
system of schools in Paris, and in 1705 was called to 
Kouen where he made the headquarters of the order 
at St. Yon. Schools were soon established in all 
the principal cities of France. By 1702 there were 26 
communities, and they liave since e.\tended tlirough- 
out the world. At the Chicago Exposition their ex- 
hibit attracted much notice. Some of his text-books 
are still in use. 



68 



France 



[1661 




CHARLES KOLLIN (French, 1661-1741) became at 
22 ii master in the college du Plessis, and was pro- 
moted until in 1694 he became rector of the university 
of Paris, after which he was made principal of the 
colleRB de Heauvais. In 1719 he was re-elected rector, 
but was disqualified and deprived of his other appoint- 
ments because of his Jansenist principles. His " An- 
cient History " (1730-38) was long a famous text-book, 
and his ■•Treatise on Studies" (1726-31) is still a 
standard pedagogical authority. It contains a sum- 
mary of what was then a reformed and innovating 
system, based on a use in study of the vernacular. 
He put littleemphasis on Greek,"butconsidered Latin 
essential, and proposed reforms in methods in the 
direction of Humanism. He also made much of his- 
tory and natural science, proposing for the latter a 
series of practical object-lessons on much the basis 
afterward adopted by Pestalozzi. 



1741] 



Germany 



69 




>AUGUST HERMAN FUAJfCKD (German, 1663-1757) 
was g-racluated Irom Lelnzig In 1685, aud In 1689 be- 
gan to lecture there on tlie Bible. He was accused 
ot pietism, and the lectm-es were forbidden. He 
went to Ei-fin-t to preach, but in 1691 was banished 
from that town. Soon after he was made professor 
of Greek at Halle, and tor 36 years Avas also pastor 
of the parish at Glaucha. In 1695 his plans for relief 
ot destitute children matm-ed into an Institution for 
them supported by public charity. He began with 
a room, on a capital of seven guelders which he 
found in the poor box of his house. Within a year 
had purchased a house, and in 1697 added another 
house. In 1698 he had lOO orphans under his chai-ge, 
and 500 day-scholars. At his death the institution 
included a training- college, a Latin scliool, town 
schools with 110 teachers and i7-?4 children, etc. 
These schools now give instruction to ssm children. 



ANOTHER PORTRAIT 



.S\\iT>!RRLAXr) 



[16fi^ 




JEAN BEBNOUILLI (Swiss, 1667-1748) after gradii- 
iitioii from Basle at IH studied chemistry as well as 
matlifiiiatics, and in 1690 published an essay on fer- 
lueiil.ition, and in 1694 he took the degree of M.l). 
He Ijeoame professor of mathematics at Groningen, 
where he also lectured on experimental physics. In 
1705 he succeeded his brother James as professor of 
iiiailicinatics at Basle, where he remained till his 
(I'-aili. 43 years later. Among his independent dis- 
Odvi'fics were the exponential calculus and the line of 
swiftest descent. He won several of the prizes of- 
fered by the Paris Academy on the laws of motion, 
the elliptical orbs of the planets, and the inclinations 
of the planetary orbits, but his most permanent con- 
tributions are his works on pure mathematics, to 
which D'Alembert declared he owed all he knew of 
the subject. He was keen in friendships but ardent 
in resentments. 



1754] 



Germany, England 



71 




CHRISTIAN WOLFF (German, 1679-1754) after edu- 
cation at Jena began in 1703 to lecture at Leipzig 
and in 1706 became professor of mathematics at Halle.' 
His ideal was to base theological truths on mathe- 
matical certitude, and he lectured in German instead 
of Latin. In 1723 he was removed from office and 
ordered to quit Prussian territory. He went to the 
university of Marburg, where he was received with 
distinction. More than 200 books and pamphlets 
appeared upon his expulsion, and his philosophy had 
almost undisputed sway in Germany until displaced 
by that of Kant. The king of Prussia made overtures 
to him to return, and in 1739 his philosophy was re- 
quired of candidates for ecclesiastical preferment. 
In 1740 Frederick the Great recalled him to Halle, and 
in 1743 he became chancellor of the university; but 
he had lost the power of lecturing attractively, and 
his class-rooms were empty. 




NICHOLAS 8AUX»EBS0\ [or SANDERSON J (ICng- 
lish, 1682-17.39), the blind prolcssor of nialliematics, 
lost in infancy iiotouly liis sight but his eyes, yet was 
a diligent student of the Pennington free school and 
at home, and in 1707 went to Cambridge. Through 
poverty he was unable to enter as a student, but he 
gave private instruction in physics and optics. In 
1711 he received a degree and was made professor of 
mathematics. He invented a computing- board, de- 
scribed in his "Algebra" (1740), which also contains 
a portrait and a memoir. This work " is a model of 
careful exposition, and reminds one of the algebra 
which Euler dictated after having been overtaken by 
blindness ". His " Method of Fluxions " (17.51) is an 
elementary mathematical physics. He was remark- 
ably successful as a lecturer, clear in statement and 
attractive in presentation. He was made a fellow of 
the Royal society. 






Engl AND, ^America 



[1685 




(JEOBGE BERKELEY (English, 1685-1753) after 
f>r:idu:itioii from Dublin in 1704 studied the new phil- 
osoplncai principles of Descartes and Locke and 
evolved the jirinciple that noexistence is conceivable 
wliieh is nut coMsridus. Perception and volition he 
roii^i.lriiMl ()|ii-r;ii inns of mind or spirit; no object- 
exisis :i|.arMi'Min llie mind. He expounded his theory 
in his ■■ New 'I'lieoryof ^'ision " (1709) and more fully 
in his " I'rinci pies' of Human Knowledjre " (1710'. 
'•Dialogues" (1713) and '-DeMotu' (1715). and its 
practical application in his " Discour.se on Passivi' 
Obedience " (1711). He was a college tutor. 1707-1712, 
and a privatf! tutor, 1715-1720. In 1721 he became 
divinity lecturer and university preacher at Dublin, 
and •■ifterward became Hebrew lecturer and senior 
proctor. In I72« he came to America to found a col- 
lege in the Bermudas, but after three years gave up 
the project and returned to England. 




SAMCEL JOHNSON (American, 1606-1772), IJrst 
president of Columbia University, after graduation 
in 1714 from Yale taught school, jind in 1716, when the 
college was removed to >i'ew Haven, was at first its 
sole tutor, with only 15 students. In 1719 he \\ itli- 
drew, but it was afterward throuiih his inlluence that 
Uislioj) Berkley made his gifts to the college. In 1720 
he was ordaiiied a Congregationalist. He l)ecani(! 
converted to the Kpiscopal form of church go\crn- 
ment. and in 172:^ visitecl I'.naland, and on his return 
l>i-..cc(.(l(.d to oruani/e the cluu-ch of i;m;l;i nd in ( on- 
iMM-iirul. estalilishing a clinrch at Stratford. In 174.S 
• •xlnrd gavi' him the degree of D. 1). In 174St lienjamiu 
franklin visiteil him to offer him the i)resi(lci'icy of 
the new academy, now the University of I'a.. wl'iich 
hedeclined: but iu 1754 he became jire'sident of KiuLi's 
collegi'. no\\- Columbia, In 176M he rrtiredio .Strat- 
ford, on .-1 pension of £.50 a year. 



1782] 



Scotland, England 



73 




HEXRY HOJIE, LOUD KAMES (Scotch, 1696-1782) 
bi'caiiie III! udviicale ill \7:13: published a volume of 
lejiul decisions in 1728: was made judge in 1752, and 
one of the lords of judiciary in 1763. In 1761 he suc- 
ceeded through his wife to "an estate in Perthshire, 
where he removed a stratum of peat on 1,500 acres of 
land bv rtoatiiis it into the river Forth. He was on(! 
of tlie founders of the Ro.val Societ.v of KdinburKh. 
IJesides his legal treatises h(! published in 1751 "Es- 
says on the Principles of Moralit.v and Natural Re- 
ligion": in 1761 "An Introduction to the Art of 
Thinking": in 1762" Elements of Criticism "; and in 
1774 "Sketches of the History of JIan ". In his 
" Loose Hints on Education" (1781). published in his 
8.5th .year, he combats the doctrim-s reciMitly jiromul- 
gated b,v Rousseau. He consider^ i-liiclly tiic culluri' 
of the "heart, and would hiiM- lln- i-liild made ac- 
quainted early with the priucii)l('s of revealed religion. 




COLIN MACLAUBEX (English. 1698-1746) on grad- 
uating from Glasgow at 16 had already shown remark- 
al)li' mat licmatical genius, and in 1717 was elected pro- 
fessor of mathematics at .Aberdeen.' In 1719 he became 
a fi'llow of the Royal society, made the accjuuintance 
of Newton, and published liis Organic Geometry, in- 
si)ir<>d b.v Newton'S discoveries as to conic sections. 
In 1722 he became a private tutor, but in 1775 was 
made professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 
1740 lie divided with Euler and Daniel Bernouilli the 
French academy prize on the flu.x and reflux of the sea; 
and his "Treatise on Fluxions" was published in 
1742, In whicli he follows Newton in regarding flux- 
ions as velcjcities, and announces the doctrine of the 
a 1 1 raction of ellipsoids. Lagrange declared that this 
discovery could be compared with the greatest of 
those of Archimedes. His algebra was published 
after his death. 



America 



[170.". 




JONATHAN KDWA1{1»S (Am Ticaii, ir03-iro8). Ilic 
iiiDst, i-'iiiiueiit (;(■ AiiicriiM!! im't;ipliy.sici;ms, \v:is the 
sou of a iiian fiO yi'iirs pMslor of \\w s;iiiie chiirrli. ;aul 
after sriKiniitioii from Vale at ITsluilicd llicolo^x for 
two years in New Haven, and was a liiior there 1724- 
1727. He then beeamecolleaijue with his tirandfalher 
as jiastorof the church at jSortlianiiJloii, Mass., and 
two years later the paslor. Here he became tlie ac- 
knowledn(>d champion of the doctrine of endless 
Ijiinishuieiit. In 1750 in conseciuence of a contro- 
versy over the suitability of certain l)o<)l<s for read- 
iutr, and the admission to communion ol aiiconverted 
persons, he was dismissed from liis pastorate, and 
was for a time a missionary to tlie Indiiins. In 1754 
lie published (he boolc by which he is best known, 
" The Freedom of the Will." In .laiiuiiry, 1758 he be- 
came president of what is now I'rinceidu uuixersity. 
but died 34 days after his installation. 



ITtH)] 



Edwards, Fi; a x k lix 



/O 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (Ai.irrir;ni. 1 TiMr i;'.i()), 
Ix'sidcs Ijciiii:- one n( \\iv uio^t I'uiucuis AiiKTiciui 
stMtesau'u JUiMiors, iiud inventors, rendered ureal, 
service to tlie cause of educjition. lie founded tlie 
University of Peuns.vlva.nia, and also tlie American 
liliilM^opliical society. Dr. Win. T. Harris says: 
•' W liilc Tlionias Je'fferson, witli tliat Isreadtliof 
-iiiirMiiansliip wliich characterizes all of his lal)ors 
I-' 111 nni-i>a>inaly before Lis view the importance of 

I iil.ii- I'lliuMtiou, to re-inforoe and make efr<'ctive 

1 1 liei-alious of the principles of local self-fj:overn- 

UKMit, on the other hand. Dr. Franklin, himself a 
not(!\vorthy example of the self-educated man, kept, 
in view the importance of education as the founda- 
tion of thrift and social development. These two 
men seem to liave furnished more than any other 
two men the guidins |>rincii)les which have prevailed 
in our civilization, i)olitical aiul social." 



AXOTHKR rOKTRAIT 



76 



Sweden, Switzerland 



[1707 




CAUIi von LINNK (Swedish, 1707-1778), better known 
under liis earlier iiaiuo ol'Oarolus Linnaeus, betiiui to 
be intereste(l in plants -when four years old, and Ije- 
came tlie <ji-eaie^i liotanist of his time. In 17:^7 he 
went to tlie niii\>T-.iiy at Lund, and in 1738 to I'psal. 
where in 17:'A> he bci^a'n to lec^ture on botany. In 17H2 
he explored Lapland, and in 1733 Dalecarlia. In 1735 
he went to Holland for a decree, in 1736 he visited 
England, and in 1738beKi:n practice as a physician in 
Stoclvholiu. and in 1740 became professor of botany 
at Upsal. His system of botany is founded on the 
sexes of plants, taking into account only a few 
marked characteristics, and serving only as an index 
to the book of nature. It was first published in Ley- 
den in 1735. His "Genera Plantorum " (1737) is the 
startinj; jioint of modern systematic botany. His 
most inijiortant work is " Species Plantorum " (1753). 
" He found biolo;;',v a chaos, he left it a cosmos." 




LKONHART KlILEK (Swiss, 1707-1783) after gradu- 
al ion from Uasle in 1723 continued his favorite study 
of ^icomelry, to wliicli he added pliysiology. In 1737 
he went to St. Petersburg, where in 1730 he became 
|)r()fess(U" of physics and in 1733 of mathi'matics, 
succeeding Daniel Uernouilli. Here he carried the 
int(>ural calculus to higher perfection, and invented 
the calculal ion of sines. In lr"'35 he solved in three 
days a problem for which other mathematicians liad 
demanded months. In 1741 lu^ became iirofessor of 
luatliernatics at l!<'rlin. but returned to Russia in 17t5li. 
Nearly losing his siglit, Ik; dicta.ted his " Klemenls 
of A lueljra ■' to his servant, wlio knew nothing of 
nial hi'ina.lics. He won both prizes of the French 
Academy for tlie theory of t\w moon's motion, al- 
tliou^li he had to i-arry the intricate calculations in 
his memory. In 7 years he contributed to the St, 
I'elersluirL;' Aeademv more th.an 70 memoirs. 



1783] 



England, America 



77 




THOMAS DILWORTH (EiiKlish, 1710?-1780), the 
t. \t-book author, was for some time assistant to a 
schoolmaster named Dycke. at Stratford-on-Bowe 
md then started a school of his own at WaiJuiuo-' 
In 1,40 he published •' Dihvorth-s Spellins Kook or 
Neu Guide to the English Tongue ", which came into 
jeneral use, in many cases succeeding the " horn- 
liook . It was used to teach the alphabet, si)ellin"- 
II idins, and graiumar, and was in small type with^^i 
poitiut of the author. AVhen in 1784 Webster's 
spelling book began to displace Dilworth's in Amer- 
ua Dilworth's Ghost" was written to deter teach- 
< r;, fiom making the change. In 1743 he published 
nis Schoolmaster's Assistant, being a compendi- 
dium of arithmetic, both practical and theoretical" 
uhKli was for a time used almost universally iri 
\m(ric!in schools, and may still be occasionally 
found in shelves of old schoolbooks. 




JOHX LOVELL (American, 1710-1778) after gradu- 
ation from Harvard in 1728 became in 1730 assistant 
111 the Public Latin school, Boston, in 1733 he be- 
came headmaster, and continued so42 years. Though 
in many respects an excelhnit teaclie'r he was stern 
and rough, and his pupils feared him as they would 
a. lion. In 1742 he delivered the first public address in 
Kaneuil hall, at the town hall meeting called on the 
decease of I'eler Faneuil. When the Revolution came 
he was a loyalist, and when neyvs arrived of the battle 
of Lexinglou lie dismissed the school, saying: 
" War's begun— school's done." He went to H:ilif;7.\ 
Willi the British troops and died there. In his day 
si-liool began at 7, closed at 11, and began again at ]", 
while at 9 the scholars went to another school to learn 
to write and cipher, which it was beneath the dignity 
of his school to teach. He had a garden in which he 
all(>wc<l (lie boys as a reward of iiieritto wurk for him. 



78 



England, America 



[1711 




DAVID HIIME (Knslish, 1711-17rti), "tlio most sub- 
tle ini'tiipliN siriim luid one of the gri'Mtest historians 
and iioliiical e<'ononusts of Great Britain," stu<lie(i 
at tlie imiversily of Kdiuburghand resolutely devoted 
himself to a literary life. From 1734 to 171^7 he studied 
in Franei^, and in 1739 began publishing his '' Treatise 
of Human Nature '', which, he says, " fell dead-born 
from the press." In 1741 his " Essays "' proved more 
guccesaful. In 1744 he sought unsuccessfully tlu' 
chair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh, and in 17,51 
that of logic at Glasgow. In 1748 his ' I'hilosophical 
Essays " appeared and in 17.t1 his popular •' Political 
Discourses "", and " Inquiry concerning the Principles 
of Morals". In 17.53 he begati liis "History of Eng- 
land ". and in \7ri7 publislied " Four Dissertations ". 
in which he argues that polytheism is the natural 
religion. In 1769 he quarrelled with Rousseau. \\ horn 
he had befriended. His later years were j)rosiiiTous. 



ANOTHER PORTR.MT 




ELKAZ.VR WHEELOCK (.Vmeri<-an, 1711-1779), 
liHiudrf and 1st, president of Dartmoutli college, af- 
iiT L;raduation from Yale in 1733 preached at Leba- 
n<in. Conn.; and became convinced that as his salary 
lirovideil but half his support, he ought to give half 
his time to educating the Indians. In 17.54 he took 
two Indian boys into his family, and in 17.55 " :Moor's 
Indi;in charity si'hool " was established there. Vari- 
ous ^nfts wi're secured, and in 17ti5 some $.50,000 was 
raisi'd in lOngland, under charge of a bo.-ird of trus- 
tees with the earl of Dartmouth at the head. In 1770 
the school w;is removed to Hanover. N. H.. with 30 
pupils, and became Dartmoutli college, Mr. Whi'elock 
lii'iim- the first jiresident. His .accounts of th<' school 
from the beginning w(>re publishecl in 9 pamphlets 
(17(53-7.5). .\niong the Indians he instriu-tcd was 
Thyandegea (.biseph Brant), who afterward sent his 
sou to Dartmouth. 



177'.)] 



France 



79 




JEAN JACqUES ROUSSEAU (Swiss, 1712-1778), was 
the most extravagant, the most eloquent, the most 
reckless of all innovators.* " Take the road directly 
opposite to that in use and you will almost always go 
right," was his fundamental maxim. His '■'■ Enulf." 
Is perhaps the most inlluential book ever written on 
the subject of education. The school to which he be- 
longed may be said to have been founded by Mon- 
taigne, and to have met with a champion in Locke. 
But It was reserved for Rousseau to give this theory 
complete development, and to expound it in the clear- 
est and most eloquent language. In the EiiiUe he 
made the ttrst noteworthy study of child-natm-e from 
a pedagogic standpomt ; emphasized the Importance 
of training the senses and bodily capabilities ; and 
was the nrst to treat adequately tlie education of 
gu-ls. He gives directions for teaching geography, 
etc., from the standpoint of the child's experience. ^ 



AXOTIIRR PORTRAIT 



8U 



France 



[1711 




CHARLES MICHEL ABBEdel'El'EE(li(ii(li, 1712- 

1789), upon wliosc labors the present system ol' deiif- 
mute Inslruetion is based, studied for tlie jjrieslliood, 
but on aeeounl of his Jansenist tendencies \\ as de- 
prived of his church functions, lie uudeiMook the 
instruction of two deaJ-mutes, and invented the 
manual alphabet by which he tau^ilit tliem to con- 
verse, lie was entirely uninformed of Pereiras ef- 
forts in tli(! same direction, so that his invention was 
independent of sujij^estious from others. In 17.^^) In; 
founded a scliool for the instruction of de.-if-mutes, 
which he maintained at his own expense till liis deatli. 
and which was succeeded by a national institution 
founded in 1791 l)y the Niitio'nal assembly. He pub- 
lished various books upon his methods, the principal 
one in 1784. .\n estimate of them in:iy be found in 
Hartmann's " Deafmutism ", of which a transl.iiion 
appeared in 1881. 




ALEXIS CLAUDE CLAIRAUT (French. 1713-1765) 

was the son of a, teacher of mathematics in Paris, 
and at 13 read before the French Academy an ac- 
count of four curves he had discovered. At 16 he 
finished his treatise on curves of double curvature, 
and at 18 was admitted to the academy. In 1736 he 
joined Maupertuis in the expedition to Lapl;nid to 
estimate a decree of tlie meridian, and on his return 
publislied his treatise on the form of the earth, pro- 
inultratiiii;- a tlieory on the variation of (gravity after- 
ward corrected by'.Viry. He obtained an in<jenious 
approximate solution" of the problem of the thr<-e 
bodies, and in 17r>0 Kaiued the St. Petersburtr ])ri/.e 
for liis treatise on tlie lunar theory. In 17r)9 he cal- 
culated the perihelion of Ilalley's coriu't. He ex - 
plainecl in 1747lhe motion of the li'iuar aposee, a- point 
left, unexplained by Newton, applying his solution of 
the iiroblem of the three bodies. 



1789] 



De l'Epee, Claikaut, D'Alemhert 



81 




JEAXLK ROND D"ALKMBKRT (I reucli. 1717-1783) 
was I'diii-ati'd at iljc .Mazarin c-nllc^c, where the Jan- 
seiiists in si'rkiiit;' to direct liis attention to theology 
save him so litlh_> instruction in matheraalios that he 
afterwards wasted much time in discovering for 
himself what had already been established. After 
subiiiittinti several mathematical papers to the Acad- 
emy of Sciences he was in 1741 made a member, and 
in 1743 established his principle of dynamics that if 
fi'om the forces acting on a connected system of 
bodies there be subtracted the forces which, acting 
alone, would be callable of producing the actual ac- 
celerations and retardations of the bodies, the re- 
luainder must exiictly baltmce each other. In 1746 
he received tlieHerlin gold medal for a newcalculus, 
and ]n'. refused llattering otfers to settle in Germany 
audRtissia. He assisted Diderot in preparing the 
Dictionmtire J';ucycliipedi(iue. 



82 



Germany, America 



[1715 




CHRISTIAN FURCHTEGOTT GELLERT (German, 
1715-1769) was educated at Leipziji. and li'diii Ibol to 
his deatli was processor of philosophy there. He 
lectured on poetry, eloquence, and morals to lartre 
and enthusiastic audiences. The German literature 
of the period was dominated by Gotlsehed. Gillert 
was one of a body of young men who resolved to free 
themselves from sueli trammels, and who started the 
revolution which was consummated by Schiller and 
Goethe. Of his writinirs, the best are his ■" Fables " 
and his " Soiiss ". the latterexpressinu; the maxims of 
a liberal i)iety .•ind still popular in Germany. His in- 
fluence w:is due slill more to the excellence of his 
personal character, his fjentle piety, and hissiminlar 
knack of jiainin^ the reverence and love of ynmiL; 
people. He was Ix'loved by his students, and llie.\' 
carried his leachiniis all over Germany. I'.dil ion-, of 
his works were published iTi 1769-74. and in IKtiT. 




JOHN WfTHKRSPOOX (Scotch-Americ.-iu. KiC- 
1794). a lineal descendant of .John Knox, afler edu- 
caliou at the university of Rdinburjih. and i>reach- 
iufi at Heith and I'aisley. became in ]7t)8 sixth presi- 
dent of what IS now I'rinceton university. lie at 
onct' inspired it with new life. Iiroadened its course 
of sludy, and secured incre.-ised tin.-incial suppuri. 
lie was also prominent in the councils of the Ri' volu- 
tion, lie wasa siinierof the Declaration of Indepenii- 
euee. a member of the New Jersey constii ul ional 
e(iu\eMiii)n and jjrovincial coni;ress in 177(5, and .a 
nieniher of till- Continental congress from 177fi to \'ih'2. 
Ill' was always firm in the most gloomy nsiiects of 
l)ul)lic affairs, and discovered gre.'it presence of mind 
under the most embarrassing conditions. Jn 1779 he 
resigned his liouse on tl;e college grounds In I lie 
vice-presidi'nt. but in 1783 he visitiMl I'",urope, and to 
the last iierformed his functions as jiresident. 



1794] 



France, Ajieeica 



83 




JOHANN BEBNHARD BASEDOW (German, 173S- 
1790), became t'amoustlirougliliisPliilanthropmumat 
Dessau, founded on the Ideas of Rousseau, with the 
key-note "Everything- according to nature." There 
was mucli teaching- by guessing and other games, 
tlie pupils sometimes tlirowing dice to see who should 
recite next. They had 8 hours tor sleep, 8 for food 
and amusement, 8 for school-work and manual labor. 
The development of the body was especially cared 
lor, gymnastics being introduced into modern 'schools 
lor the first time. But it did not succeed, and was 
closed in 1793. Basedow proved an unfit man to be 
at its head, and did not continue long in charge, there- 
alter teaching privately. His '■'■^lexientarbucJi" 
gave inlormation in the lorm of dialogues, inter- 
spersed with tales and easy)poetry, and his '•'• MetJioO- 
entjucji. ' was a companion volume lor j)arents and 
teachers. 



.\NOTllER PORTRAIT 



84 



Scotland, Germany 



[1723 





ADAM SMITH (Scot.-li. 1723-1790), lh<i tn-cat poliii- 
f.-il (■(•ouoiiiist, after education at. Glasy:<)w. in 1751 
bi'i-aiiie professor of loyic, and iu 1752 of moral ])hil- 
osopliy at (ilasfjoW. His " Theory of Moral Senti- 
inciils" (17.')it) save him wide reputation, and he issued 
in 1(7(5 "An huiuiry into the Nature and Sources 
of llie Wealth of Nations", wliieh made him the 
father of niod(U'n political economy. It demonstrates 
that t() advance a people to greiitness every man 
should he permitted so long as he observes the rules 
of ,iustic(! to ])ursue his own interest in his own way, 
and to bring both his industry and his cai)ital into 
the freest competition with tlTose of his fellow citi- 
ziMis. He lived in London, 1776-78. and then removed 
to IvLnburgh as commissioner of customs forScol- 
land, wiiere he remainixl till death. In 1787 he was 
elected lord rector of the I'niversity of Glasgow. A 
posthumous volume of I'ssays ajipeared in 179.n. 




IMMANUEL KANT (German, 1724-1804) was tlirougli 
life a professor in tlie university of KOiiigsburg fi'om 
Avhicli he was graduatfrt, nevei- ouee leaving tlie 
city (luring tlie tliirty years he taituiil there. The 
central point of his philosojjliy is that before any- 
tliing can be dctcriiiiiK'd coik lining the ol)jeots of 
cognition, tlie faculty of cognition and the sources 
of knowledg'e l.Miig thcn-in must lirst be examined. 
Ilealsogave IccHircs uu iK-dayouy. He believed tliat 
bclniKl educalioii lies hirtdcu the urcat secret of tlie 
perfcciinu oi huMian nature, uikI llial education is 
made up of discipline, cult i\ at ion, and the attain- 
ment of prudence and luorality. The cliief interest 
centres in characirr-UcvcloiuiH'nt, which lie terms 
prurlieal education; aud the great pi'oblom is how 
to cuinl-iine sulijcction to legal aiiUinrity witli the 
projicr use o\ indlvitlual ficcduiu. His views on 
moral educutiou anticipate Herbert Spencer's. 



181!»] 



Two American College Presidents 



85 




WILLIA3I SAM L EL JOHNSON (Auk li. :iii I7:i7- 
1819), president of Columbiti rniversitv and son of 
the first president, after graduation from Yale in 
1('44 studied law and rose to eminence in that profes- 
sion. In 1761 and 1765 he was elected to the Connec- 
ticut general assembly, and in 1765 to tlie ui)per 
house, where he was a guiding s|)irit in opposition to 
the stamp tax, and from 1766 to 1771 he was in Kng- 
land as special agent from tlie asseinblv. Durin" 
the war he was sent to plead with the [Jrit'ish oflicers 
not to destroy the town of Stafford, wlieu he \\as ar- 
rested and paroled: but after peace was declared he 
resumed his place in the upper house. In 17S7 he was 
made the first president of Columbia collcc under t he 
new charter. He was elected first U. S. senator from 
Connecticut, but resigned and from 1793 to his resi"- 
nation in 1800 devoted himself to the college, spend- 
ing the rest of his life in literiiry leisure at Stratford, 




KZBA STILES (American. \rri-\:'.Ki) studied Latin 
at 9. was ready for college at I:.', and entered Yale at 
l.'i. was graduated in 17-46, became tutor in 1749. was 
admitted to the bar in 1753, but in 1755 became pastor 
of ;i .■hurch in Newport. R. I. He conducted the first 
i-le,-trical experiments in New ICngland. and was a 
personal friend of Dr. Franklin, who sent him a 
Ihi'rmonieter, liis observations of which he recorded 
daily till his death. He was also interested in silk- 
(ndture. In 1778 he became president of Yale, having 
insisted upon some modifications of the ndigious re- 
quirements and upon more cordial relations with the 
State authorities. He gave much of the instruction 
in mathematics and the sciences, as well as i i mental 
and moral philosophy and ecclesiastical histor\. 
During the revolutionary war the college lost grounil. 
depending chiefiy upon"clergymen for support. In' 
179-^ the legislature made its first grant to the college. 



86 



ExfiLAxi). Fkaxoe 



[!■ 




JOSKl'H I'RIESTLEV (Kn-iisb. ]733-18(M) wus :i 
cKt^n man. I!iU in IToS he also eslablislied a jji-ivalu 
school and Ironi ITHl to 1767 was tutor ill an aoadeiiiv 
at W arrin-itoii. lie was especially interested iii 
iialia-al science, he met Franklin in London, and in 
17ti7 he |)ul)lished his "History of Klectricitv"''. His 
' \|iiTinients witli the carbonic acid produced in a 
lii'^wcry led to the discovery of oxygen, announced in 
1 ; ;4. followed by the preparation of nitric and nitrons 
"\ides, hydrochloric acid, etc.. which did much to 
I I'ct <-hemistry into a science, though his doctrine of 
l)hlo<^iston was long ago discarded, lu 1780 lie l)eji;in 
to preach in Hirmingham, but because he sided with 
the French revolutionists in 1791 his home and chapel 
were burned by a mob. In 1794 he came to America, 
and sp<'nt the rest of his life in Northumberland, I'a.' 
He pulilished altogether 130 volumes. Though called a 
materialist, he believed in the iminortalitv of the soul. 




JOSEPH LOUIS LA(;UAXGK (Italian, 173(i-1813) a, 
malhenintician of the lirst rani-;, while at college in 
Turin read anessay Ijy llalley tliat roused his enthus- 
iasm for the anal> iic.-'il metluid in mathematics, and 
at 19 made known to lOulcr his calculus of variations. 
Ill ir.")4 he w.-is made professor in the royal school of 
artillery, and in IK.V.i published his theory of sound. 
In 176:^ he published his " method of variations ", anil 
from 17fi4 to i;88 took tlie live prizes offered b\- the 
Paris Academy of Sciences. In 1766 Ik; succe'eded 
Euler as director of the mathematical tlepartnient of 
the Herlin academy. In 1788 he published his "An 
alytical Mechanics ''at Paris, whether he had removed 
in 1787, and aided in the establishment of the metric 
system. He became professor of mathematics in tin; 
Polytechnic school, and was i)laced at the head of the 
geometry section of the Institute. He w.-is buried at, 
the I'aiilheon. Laj>lace delixeriug the funcr.al oration. 



1813] 



Two Mori-: American College Prp:si dents 



87 




MYLES COOPER (Euglish, 1737-1785), Sd pn'sidciil, 
of Columbiii university, after sradiuiliou in 1760 Irum 
Queens collef^e, Oxford, became iu I7(i2 pi'olV.s.soi- nt' 
moral philosophy aud assistant to the president of 
Kings college, now Columbia university, and within 
the year beeanie president at the early age of 2(3. At 
first his popularity Wiis great. He \viis a wit and a 
soholii.r, and won the students by occasional! v laving 
aside his dignity. He secured gifts from Oxf'ord uni- 
versity, and in 1771 visited Rnghmd in behalf of the 
college. As the revolution aiiproached. however, he 
became active as a high chun-li lory, and his pamph- 
lets soon made him the most thoroughly hated man 
in America. In 1775, warned that a mob was to at- 
tack the college, he jumped over the college fence :ind 
spent all night wandering along the Hudson river, 
and the next day escaped to Enghuid. He w;is aft<T- 
ward a clergyman in England and Scotland. 




JAMP:S JIANXIXG (American. 1738-1791). thr (irst 
president of Krown Tniversitv. after graduation 
from Princeton in 1763. while |)'reaching at Warren 
R. 1.. opened in 1763 a Latin school. In 1765 he was 
elected president of the Rhode Island College pro- 
posed and established largelvthriMiuh his efforts and 
beuan to give collegiate insfrurtion at Warren.' In 
1770 the college was moved to Providence where he 
served also as pastor of the First Hapti'st church. 

1' 1 1 1776 to 1783 the college was suspended, as the 

building was used for a barrack and a hospital. In 
1/88 he was elected to Congress. He was of com- 
manding and pleasing appearance and winnin"' 
manners, and depended for college discipline rather 
upon ijarental persuasion than upon official authori- 
ty. Nicholas Brown, whose naiiie the university now 
bears, was one of his students, and gave to one of 
the buildings he erected the name '• Manning Hall •' 



88 



Engi.ani) 



[1738 




SIR MILLIAM HKUSCHEL (German, 1738-1822) 
w;\.s ill early life a lllu^i(•iall. anil in 1757 settled in 
Eu'ilaiul as an oriianisl and music teacher, becom- 
ing in 1766 organist at Hatli. Hut he was a scientific 
student, and, aided by liis brother and his sister, began 
to nial<e telescopes for liis own use, in 1774 complet- 
ing one of 6 feet, and in 1789 one of 40 feet fociil 
length. In 1780 his observations began to be coin- 
iiuinicated to the Royal Society, in 1781 he discovered 
Uranus, in 1783 he showed the motion of the solar 
system in space, and from 1784 to 1818 he showed the 
jiosition of the sun. In 1793 he i^roved that the ter- 
restriallaws of uravitalion applied to the most dis- 
tant stars. Ill 1782 he became jirivate astronomer to 
the king, which enabled liim to devote himself to sci- 
ence. He ])nblished catalouues of double stJirs. neb- 
ula', etc.. and fables of comparative brightness. He 
also made researches in light and heat. 




MUS. SARAH KIUIJY TRI.linKR (lOnglisli, 1741- 
1810) waslhedauuliliM'or I he draw iim' teacher of Kin;; 
George 111, ami as a- child knew Ur. .Johnson, Ho- 
garth, Gainsborough, Sir. Joshua Reynolds, and tlu'ir 
social set in London. She married at 21. and luid 12 
children, whoso education she herself directed. She 
had also much to do in placing governesses in private 
families, and in 1780 began her '• Easy Introduction 
to the Knowledge of Nature", in which she gave her 
own plan of home instruction. This was followed b.v 
selections from "Sacred History" with annotations 
and rc^flections: " The (Economy of t'harily " (1787), 
" The Servant's Friend", "A Coniiiarative A'iew of 
the Xew j'hin of Kdncation " (I80,;). various illus- 
trated histories, ".V Mttle Spelling-Hook ".and other 
small liooks of natural history, etc. Sh<> also pu 1)1 i shed 
"The l''ainily Magazine", "The Guardian of I'.duca- 
tion ", .•ind an " Essay upon Christian Education ". 



s;:o] 



France, America 



8!) 




JEAN FREDERIC OBEKLIX (French. ir40-182ti) in 
Um l)pc-iiui«' piistcir ul WaUlb.-ich, Alsacr, and si't 
hiinst'lf to betteriug Uw physical coiulitioii of his 
lliiclc. He begiui by constructing roads, erecting 
liiidges, and introducing improved metiiods of agri- 
i-iiltnre, till comfort took the place of poverty and 
indolence. At the close of his 60 years labor, the 
population had increased from 500to5000. He foimd- 
I'd an itinerant library, established village schools, 
and started the first infnntschools known. 'Phis last 
was his distinctive educational work. In tliesc in- 
f.int schools, then termed asylums and more like the 
French creches than our kindergartens, he gathered 
the children for instruction and recreation while 
tlieir parents were at labor. Primarily his intention 
was to leave the parents free to work, but tin' plan 
soon developed into training of the children, till that 
became an end, and great good was accomplished. 




S VmrEL KIRKLA.ND (American. 1741-1808), found- 
II III H million college, was a student at, lOlcay.ar 
\\ 111 elock s school for Indians at Lebanon, and <li'- 
\i)U(l himsflf to their evangelization. Before his 
^i uluation troin Princeton in 1765 lie had begun his 
\\oik in central \ew York among the Oneidas. He 
li\id with them and made his life a, long sacritice for 
lor them H(; married a niece of Dr. Wheelock, who 
<icoom[)<inie(l him in his work. In 1788 the Oneidas 
and the Slate conjointly gave him 47.50 acres of land, 
and on this he set out to found an institution open lo 
Indi.ms Jind whites that miuht perpetuate his work. 
lie gave it one-eighth of his trrant, and interested 
otliers in the jn-oject. He got from Alexander Haiii- 
ilton a g-ift of land, and for Hamilton the school was 
named. A charter was granted in 179S. and in- 
struction began in 1798. In 181-2 it received a college 
charter. 



!)() 



S\\ ITZEULANl), AmIOUK A 



[1741 




JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER (Swiss, 1741-1801) 
though best, kiKiwn for his work on physiognomy was 
a preacher, a tlieohjgical writer, a poe"t, and a friend 
of Goethe, from whom however he flfterward became 
estranged. When Ziirich was taken by the French 
in 1799, while trying to appease the soldiery he was 
shot through the body, and died after long suffering. 
In his " Wahrung und Dichtung" Goethe draws an 
amusing contrast between Lavater and Basedow (see 
Quick's "Educational Reformers", pp. 186, 187), 
much to the disadvantage of Basedow. He says : 
" As the lines of Lavater's countenance were free and 
open to the beholder, so were Basedow's contracted, 
and as it were drawn inward. Lavater's eye clear 
and benign, under a very wide lid ; Basedow's on the 
other hand, deep in his head, small, black, sharp, 
gleaming out from under shaggy eyebrows, whilst 
Lavater's were under two arches of soft brown hair," 




THOMAS .lEFFKUSOJf (American. 1743-1826) was 

an educalor as wi'll as astatesman. He was educated 
at William and Mary'.s college. In 1778 he presi'Uted 
an educational bill ft)r Virginia, said to havi; bei>n the 
suggestion for the school system adopted in Germany 
under von Humboldt, with whom he had intimate cor- 
respondence. He ]>roposed an amendment to the na- 
tional constitution by which the national government 
should cooperate with the States in educational work. 
Throughout his administration as president he fa- 
vored every bill that made grants for education, es- 
pecially that giving section 16 of ever.y township for 
th(! su|)port of common schools. In 1817 he proposed 
compulsory education for Virginia. The nnqhuis of 
the ])resen't congressional library is the gift of 6.700 
books from his own library. After his retirement 
from pulilic life in 1809 he devoted himself largely to 
the est.'ililislunent of the University of A'irginia. " 



I8-!G] 



Fhaxcic 



01 




AMOIXE LAIREXT LAVOISIER (li,ii,li irj:i- 
l.iM), I 111- di><'ovcTrrof o\\,';cii.:irii-r-ra(lu:ui(>iili-(,iii 
I he ( 'olletif Ma/.;u-in, Paris, devoted liiiiist'lf to sciciu-e 
with .such zeal that when preparing; the essay which 
won liiin in 1766 his fli-st prize, on the best mode of 
I luhtins the streets of Paris, in order to render his 
's more sensitive he sliut himself up for six weeks 
I .1 room hung with black ami lit onlv bv the lamps 
was experimentinK upon. He assisted in prepar- 
ml; a geological map of France, and in 1770 beu-an 
nvestigation of the air. In 1778 he gave to what 
I'nestley had called " dephlogisticat.ed air "the 
name of oxygen, and in 1778 published his " .Alethode 
de nomenclature chimique ", which supplanted the 
alchemistic jargon iirevailing. His " Traite elemen- 
l.nre de chimie ■■ (1789) dealt the finalblow to phlo- 
giston, and established the science of modern chem- 
istry. In 1794 as ex-farmer-general he was beheaded. 




JEAX AXTOIXE NICOLAS rl© CABITAT COM)OI{- 

CET (Fri'ucli. 1743-179-1). mathematician and philoso- 
pher, after study at the college of Navarre by an 
essay on the integral calculus aained a seat in tlie 
ac.-idcniy of sciences, and in 1777 became secretary 
In llic same .\car his theory of comets gained a prize 
iu I he Berlin academy. At the revolution he was 
elecicd |r) ih(! legislative assembly, of whicli iu )77-3 
lie was president. In tin; national convent inn he 
sided with the Girondists and in 1793 was outlawed. 
While in hiding he wrote his most reuuirkable w<n-k, 
;' lOsiiuisse dcs Frogres de Pl'^sprit Hunuiine". Ha\- 
iiig left his hiding place he was imprisinied and the 
next morning was found dead on the floor, probablv 
lia,vin<r poisoned himself. His collected works were 
published in •..'I volumes in 1804. He treated all proli- 
lems in malheiuafics with e.-ise arul with iliKenuitx. 
but was stronger in su£';estiiui than iu deumnstratioii. 



\)2 



S (:( )'rL A N D, E N ( ; 1 , A n n 



[1748 




ANDREW D.iLZELL (Scoidi, 174:M80fi) .-ifti-r Ln-ul- 
uatioii Iroiu Kdiiiburtih in 17T3 became Greek ])ri)fe>- 
sor there by what was then the coiiimou practiee of 
paying the present incumbent $1300 for his phice. 
He at once infused new life into what had been a 
neglected study, so that in 1784 it brought him an in- 
come of $2000. In 1785 he published his first text- 
boolv, "Collectanea Graeca". followed in 1797 by a 
similar volume of poetical selections. His " Ana- 
lecta inajora" and "Analecta minora" also came 
into wide use. In the contest where Jacob Bry- 
ant denied the existence of Troy and Bentley and 
Wolf the existence of Homer, he stood by Homer and 
his story. He was librarian of the university, and 
wrote a history of it i n two volumes. Lord Cockburn 
says he was "mild, affectionate, simple, an absoluti; 
enthusiast about learning," — not a good instructor, 
but a great exciter of boys' minds. 




RICHARD LOVELL EDOKWOKTH (English, 1744- 
1817) while still at Oxfoi'd luade a niu-away match, 
and went to live in r.eikwliire. He tried to bring' up 
his sou after the i»iiirii>l(s laid down lu Rousseau's 
Emile^hut afterward d<ni)ited many of Rousseau's 
views. He formed a, iriciidslili) witli Thomas Day, 
wljoat hlssttu-.u'csiion wimIc "Sautni-daud Merlon". 
In 1782 he setilcd down U|ion liis estate m Ireland, 
wliere in 1794 Jie offereil to establish a telci^-rapli sys- 
tem of bis own Invention, wliicli was put Intoopera- 
tlon in 1802. In 1798 "Praetical Kduration' was 
pui)lisiied under joint aiitliorsliip witli bis daughter 
Maria, a literary partnerslilp iliat continued for 
niaiiy years. In i806 be was niaile one ul llie com- 
missioners to Inquire into Irish education, and his 
"Professional Education" appeared in 1808. His 
blograpliy was written by himself up to 1783, and 
concluded by his daughter. 



1838] 



E.\(;i,A.\i) 



93 




IIAXNAH MORE (1745-1833), made tlrree reputations ; 
(] ) as a clever verse-writer and converger In tlie cii'Cle 
of Jolmson, Reynolds, and Garrick ; (2) as an ani- 
mated wiiter on moral and religious subjects on 
the I'urltanic side : (3) as a practical phUantlu'oplst. 
She was the daughter of a schoolmaster, and in 1767, 
witli her lorn- sisters established a boarding-school 
at Bristol. An annuity trom a wealthy admirer set 
inT free lor literary pui'suits. Her "• Strictm-es on 
! 1 'male Education " was published in 1799. The tone 
! > animated, the Avriting frfesU and vivacious, with an 
< niglnality and force in her way of putting common- 
place sober sense that accounts for her extraordinary 
popularity. In her serene old age philanthropists 
from all parts of the world made pilgrimages to see 
the i)nght and amiable old lady. She retained all 
her faculties till past the age of 85, and died univers- 
ally lamented. § 




LIXDLKY MURRAY (Aiiicncaii, 1745-1826), (lu' 
jiiMiiniiariiin. w.'is the sou of a Quaker uierchaut, uud 
li(M-:iiiir a s\u-c('ssful lawyer in New York city. He 
rcliriM! iu 1784 and settled in England, where he dc- 
voteil himself to literary pursuits. He is best known 
by his " Hufzlish Grammar" (1795), for many years 
the standard authority, especially in England, and in 
1816 he issued a new edition, of an abridgment of 
which (1818) more than a million copies were sold. It 
was enibossed for the blind, and translated at Bom- 
Ijay into an Indian dialect. He published an " En<j- 
li^li K'.'.-ider" (1799), a "Spelling Hook" (1804) that 
i'.m'Ii'mI Ai editions, and other text-books, besides an 
:iiilnl.iiiirra,phy, and some religious and philanthropi- 
cal \\()rks. His library beciinie noted for its theologi- 
cal and philologieal treasures. He studied botanv, 
aiul his garden was said toexcei'd iu variel v the roviil 
gardens ;it Kew. 



•14 



S\\ riV.Klil.AM) 



[1740 




JOHANN HEINRICH PESTALOZZI (SWiSS, 1740-1827), 
knuwu lis tlie founder of " object-teacliiug," Is the 
most celebrated of educational retormei-s. He was a 
lonely child, and grew up witli excitable feelings and 
a lively imagination wUicli prevented ciitiumspection 
and foretliouglit. He failed as a clergyman, failed as 
a farmei', and failed as a scboolmaster, butwasunex- 
l)ecti/;lly suci'pssiul as an an author, Ills "•Leonard 
and (k'rtrudu " (1T81) making liiin famous, afterward 
followed by "How Gertrude teaches lier Clilldren."t 
After the French revolution, iiis Iriends came into 
power, and asked him what pi)sb he would accept. 
He replied, "I want to be a schoolmaster." So in 
1798 he was sent to Stanz to care for orphan children, 
removing in 1799 to Burgdorf, and in 1805 to Yverdvm, 
where his school gained a Em'opean reputation. 
Pupils flocked to it, and its fame attracted many dis- 
tinguished visitors. liead his life by DeGuimps (|i.50). 



1827] 



Pestalozzi 



95 





POK'l'KAri' I'KOM I;11!I:K'S-M kio 



ANO'i'ii i;i; I'diM'i; Ail' 



96 



liAXCE 



[i74r, 




OASPAKD MOXGE (French, i;W-1818), tlio iii- 
viMitoi" of descriptive <ieoineir\'. after education at 
IJeaniic, Lyons, and at the military school in Me/i- 
cres l)(;c,anie professor at tlie latt(!r iu 17(58 of matlie- 
nialics and in 1771 of ])liysics. In 1778 lie got tlie 
chair of liydraulics at the Lycenni in Paris, vhilher 
li(! moved in 1783, and was api)oiiiled examiner of 
naval candidates. In 1781 he. published his disc-ov- 
crv of the curves of curvature of a surface, which in 
1795 lie applied to the ellipsoid. In 1792-3 he was for 
a time minister of the niariiK', a.i;d Wiis active in the 
national d(>feiice, and in the estaljlishment of the 
Normal and Polytechnic schools, at each of which 
he was professor of descriptive geometry. In 1796 
he was sent to Italy, and later to Egypt and Syria. 
He became president of the Egyptian Commission. 
He was in the senate with the title of Count, when the 
fall of Xapoleon took away nil his political honors. 




STEPHANIE FELICITE DUCREST de SAINT All- 
BIN, COMTESSE de (JENLIS (French, 1746-1830) 
was married at 16. and at 24 became governess at the 
Palais Royal to the daughters of the duchess of 
Chartres, and in 1781 to the sons of the duke of Or- 
leans, one of them afterward King Louis Philippe, 
\\ liich led to the resignation of all their tutors. The 
better to ctirry out her theory of education she wrote 
scvi-ral works, the best known of which is the "Thea- 
tre of Education" (1779-80). The fall of the Giron- 
dins in 1793 compelled her to tak(^ refuge in Switzer- 
land. In 1794 she went to Herlin, but was expelled, 
ind settled in Hamburg, where she supported her- 
self by writing and painting. In 1799 she returned 
to l''rance and was received with favor b.v Napoleon, 
who gave her a pension of $1,200 a year. She con- 
tinued her writings, which though hasty form good 
niat(>rial for historians. 



1X33] 



^roxGE. i»E Genlts, Laplace, Legendj^c 




PIEKBE SIMOJf MAR<^riS dp LAPLACE (Knnch. 
1749-1827), the Ni'wtoii of Fritiicf, after educiitinn at 
the military school of Keauiiiout became a teacher 
there, and at 18 came to Paris, where a letter to 
D'Alembert made him professor in the Ecole Mili- 
taire. lu 1773 he announced the invariability of 
|)lan(>tary mean motions, the most important step in 
the establishment of the stability of the solar sys- 
tem. This was followed by profound investigations 
by him and by Lagrange, communiciited to the .Acad- 
emy of Sciences in 1787. His " M^canique Celeste '■ 
(17519) collected in a single work thedevelopment and 
application of the law of gravitation by three gener- 
ations of illustrious mathematicians. His " Exposi- 
tion du Systemedu .Monde '" (1796) gave the same con- 
clusions in style so lucid that in 1816 he was elected 
to the French Academy. It is in this volume that he 
announces his nebular hypothesis. 




ADRIEN MARIE LEGENDRE (French. 1752-1833), 

in tlie front rank of the several great French mathe- 
maticiiuis of his time, after graduation, from the 
College Ma/.arin became professor in the Ecole Mili~ 
taire and afterward in the Ecole Norma le. In 1792 
he received the Berlin academy prize for a memoir 
relating to the paths of projectiles. He was a niein- 
iDer of the commission for connecting Paris and 
Greenwich geodetically. and of the council to intro- 
duci- the decimal system of weights and measures 
and determine the length of the metre. His researches 
on elliptic functions covered 40 years, yet when in 
1827 the discoveries of two young and yet unknown 
mathematicians revolutionized the subject, he readil> 
and cheerfully accepted them. His name is most 
widelv known' through his '■ Elements of (ieometry ". 
the first successful attemjit to sujiersede Euclid, .-in!! 
long a favorite text-book iu England and .Vmerica. 



98 



Ger:\iaxy 



[1746 




JOACHIM HEINRICH CAMPE (German, 1746-181b; 
studied tln'oloyy at Halle, and alter acting for a time 
as c!iai>l:iiii at i'otsdam, in 1777 replaced Basedow as 
director ol' studies at the Philantbropin at Dessau. 
Soon after he set up a similar establishment of his 
own at Tittow, near Hamburg, but was obliged to 
give it up on account of ill-health. In 1787 he be- 
came counsellor of education at Brunswick, and pur- 
chased'a school-publishing business, which became 
very prosperous. He published the Kleine Biblio- 
thek ", 12 vols., "Sammtliche Kinder- und Jugend- 
sohriften". 37 vols., etc. His "Robinson derJiingere ' , 
known in P^nglish as " The Swiss Family Robinson ", 
was translated into nearly every European lanuua^e. 
His theoretical works on education were .ilsu inllucn- 
tial, including his 'General Revision of the Schoo"i 
System" (178.5-91) in 16 volumes. His biography by 
Leyser was published in 1877. 



1831] 



America 



99 




STEPHEN GIKARD (FnMioli. 1750-1881). founder of 
Gir;ii'd college, \v;is ii sailor at. 13 and a captain at, 
23. Ill 1877 he {jave up the sea and settled in Phila- 
del pliia as a merchant. When yellow fever broke out , 
s\vpe])iug away ti sixth of the population, he became 
manaucr of the hospital, and devoted himself to the 
care of the sick and the dead, and assisted the suffer- 
ers with money and provisions. From this time liis 
financial success was reinarkalile. On tlie dissolu- 
tion of the United States bank he founded the Girard 
bank, and durinj; the war of 1812 assisted the gov 
ernmenl at a critical period by subscribinj; to a lars'i' 
loan, lie left his 7^4 millions to charity, most of it 
for foundini; the Girard collcfie fir orphans. He 
require(l that the.v should be instructed in tln^ purest 
principles of moralit.v, with a love for truth. sobriet.\ , 
and industry: l>ut to prevent sectarian instruction 
he forb.-ide that clerirvmen should enter the icrounds. 




TIMOTHY ©WIGHT (Amcricm. 1752-1817) was a 
uraudson of Jonathan Jvlwards. and M-as sraduali'd 
from Yale in 1769. After two years in a New Haven 
lir.-immar school ho became in 1771 a tutor, which ise 
ri'inained till in 1777 he was licensed as a preacher 
and became an army chaplain. In 1778 he retir(!d to 
his farm in Northampton, serving two terms in the 
Massachusetts legislature. In 1783 he was ordained 
at Grci-n field, where he opened an academy that drew 
students from all over the country. In 1795 he was 
inade prc'sident of Yale. At that' time the collefje 
was a feeble institution with 110 students and only 
four instructors, but under him it grew toward rea'l 
n liversity life, and recovered the prestige it had lost. 
Ilis principal works were "Theology Explained and 
Defended " (1818), " Travels in ?^ew England and New 
York " (1821). He also wrote the •■ Conquest of Ca- 
naan" (1771), an ambitious eiiic i)oem. 

Lof C. 



100 



En(;i. 



AND 



[175^ 




ANDREW BELL (Scotcli. 1753-1832) after gradua- 
tion from St. Andrews served as tutor six years in 
Virginia and six more in Scotland. In 1787 he sailed 
for India, and became superintendent of the orphan 
asylum at Madras. He could not set satisfactory 
teachers, and liit upon the plnn of making one i)upil 
teach the others, the "monitorial" system. In 1796 
he returned to England with a reputation and ^1*130,- 
000 in his pocket, and published '" An Experimerit in 
Education", a report of what he had done. In 1805 
Joseph Lancaster came to see him, and they became 
enemies. The National Society was formed to sup- 
port Dr. Bell's methods, and the British and Foreign 
School Society to support Lancaster's. Dr. Bell be- 
came prebendary of Westminster Abbey, and is bur- 
ied there. lie left his estate of a million dollars to 
educational uses, and founded the chairs of education 
at Edinburgh and St. Andrews. 



1832] 



Germany 



101 




AUCJUST HERMANN NIEMEYER (German, 1754- 
1S28), a great grandson of Fnuioke, after being pro- 
fessor of theology at Halle, was in 1785 made a di- 
rector; and upon the establishment of a teachers' 
seminary in 1787 was placed at the head of it. The 
institution was closed by Napoleon, and when opened 
again through his efforts in 1807, he was made chan- 
cellor, which position he held for nine years. His 
"rnuciplesof Education and Instruction" (1799) 
was the first attempt at systematizing German peda- 
gogy, and one of the earliest attempts at a history ot 
education. He regarded the harmonious develop- 
ment of the faculties as the first principle of educa- 
tion. The book grew to three volumes, and he 
himself edited eight editions of it. It is still re- 
garded as amon" the best German authorities. In 
1816 he was made a member of the consistory ai 
Magdeburg. 



102 



FkANCK, EXfiLAND 



[175S 





ANTOIXE ISAAC SILVESTKE, BAKO.N de SACl 

(I-'reiich. 1758-1838), sf^iiti^st ol Krciicli orientalists 
.•mil fciuudiT (it the modern school of Arabic scholar- 
ship, was educated in seclusion at his home in Paris. 
He became in 1781 counsellor and in 1791 eommissary- 
general in the coar deK ■monnaif^. In 179^ he retired 
from public service, and devoted himself to the orien- 
tal studies to which he had already {i'veu a great deal 
of time. In 1795 he was made professor of Arabic in 
tlie newly founded school of livinsf Eastern lan- 
•.^uaues. His Arabic text-books proved him to be a 
iireat teachf^r as well as a profound scholar. In 1806 
he became professor also of Persian. In 1808 he en- 
tered the corps ler/islafif, and in 1832 was made a 
baron. In 181.5 he became rector of the University of 
I'iiris. and after the secrond restoration was active in 
the commission of public instruction. With all this 
varied work he was always fond of society. 




RICHAKD POKSON (Knglisb, 1759-1808), the great- 
est of nioden. Greek scholars, after graduation from 
Cambridge in 178i was elected fellow of Trinity, and 
in 1783 began publishing critical reviews, and in 1786 
helped to edit au edition of the Anabasis. By 1790 
Ik' liad b(!come known as a scholar of tlie lirsi'rank, 
and his h'tters on a spurious verse in 1st .lohn were 
|iriinounced by Gibbon the most acute and accur.-ite 
pii-rr (it criticism since the days of Mentley. In 1792 
lie Im,i liis fc'llow shi|) because unwilling to become a 
^•lcri;\ iii:in, ami his friends raised funds to jirovide 
ail .inuuily of .'f.'iUO a year. He lived in London, and 
dcliuhlcd to gather young men about him and pour 
foi-th from his marvellous memory torrents of every 
kind of literature. In 1792 he became Greek i)roros- 
sor at L'ambridge. but the income was only $2(iO: and 
in ISOfiwas made librarian of the London institution, 
which brought him $1,000 a year more. 



1888] 



Germany 



103 




JOHANN GOTTLIEB FICHTE (German, 1762-1814) 

after a youth of uUidy at the universities, supporting 
himself by teaehiuK and literary work, in 1790 became 
acquainted with Kant's philosophy, and wrote his 
"Critique of Revelation", which by the publisher's er- 
ror was ascribed to Kant himself, thus brinsinK fame 
to Fichte. In 1794 he became professor of philosophy 
at Jena, where his success was instantaneous. His 
essays here on moral subjects are well-known in 
EuKlish under the title "The Vocation of the Schol- 
ar". In 1799 he was accused of atheism and obliged 
to resign, residing till 1806 in Berlin, giving lectures 
in 130.5 at Erlangen. and publishing his " Nature of 
the .Scholar ". The disasters of war drove him away, 
but in 1807 he returned, and delivered his "Addresses 
to the German nation" enunciating a theory oi 
state-education, based on the principles of Pestalo/.zi. 
From 1810-1812 ho was rector of the new universit.y. 




JOIIANN PAUL FRIEDERICH RICHTER (German, 
irej^-isas), often referred to as "Jean Paul," came of 
a race of pedagogues, both lus father and grandf atlier 
having been schoolmasters. He was himself a teach- 
er, starting in 1789 a school of seven scholars. He was 
much loved by his pupils, seeking not to Instil knowl- 
edge but to evoke faculty ; to teach, not to preach 
He gathered here the ideas for his '■'■Lerdim," the 
German representative of '■'■Emile." Richter, like 
Rousseau, is a sentimentalist, and approaclu's the 
proiilem of education from the emotional rather than 
the intellectual side, hut Richter repudiates Rous- 
seau's careful system. "• Leva iia " is a miglity maze, 
without a plan, yet with fixed ideas and principles, 
and a safer guide than "• Eruile." To educate by illu- 
sions and carefully prepared accidents Is futile, he 
says, for sooner or later the boy will aiscover the 
deception, t s 



104 



A:\1ERICA 



[176.- 




JAMES KKNT (A iinTicMii. (i;ti:i-lK4r). pi-ofcssor of 
hiu ill Coluiiibiii (•oIlcKc. after lii'ad nation fl'oiii 'S'ali' 
ill 1781 [iractisL-d Jaw in Pou^hkefpsie, \. Y. In 179;< 
lit' removed to New York, and was made iiiasti^r in 
chancery. In 1797 he became recorder, in 1798 jiidsie 
cif the supreme court, in 1804 chief justice, and in 1814 
cliaucellor. Up to this time chancery law had been 
unpopular, and no decisions had been published. His 
.iudgmeuts (Johnson's Chancery reports, 1816-24) 
cover a wide ranite of topics, and are so thoroughly 
considered and di'vi'liipecl as uni|iiestionably to form 
the l)usis of .ViiiiTii'.-iii i'(|uity jurisprudence. In 18"-i:! 
he resigned, and r<'t unn-d I o the chair of law in f'olnm- 
bia, to which chair lie had been elected in 1796. Out 
of his lectures ^rrew iiis " Commentaries on American 
Law " (1826-30), which won for iiini a liisrh and per- 
manent place aiuousi jurists. lie was a man of trreal 
imrity of character, simple and jiiMitle. 



1847] 



KkNT. \\\X IiENSSKLAKi; 



10.') 




STEPHEN YA> 1JE.NSSEL.4.EK (Auiericuu. 1764- 
1839i. beL-ume an anny ollicer in 1786. and nia.jor- 
y;en(n'al of cavalry in 1801. He was ele<-tecl iu 1789 
to the assembly and in 1790 to the senate, where 
he remained till in 1795 \u: was elected lieutenant- 
tiovernor. In 1810 he was appointed upon the canal 
commission, and in 1816 was once more appointed, 
serving till 183-1. In tiie war of 1812 he was ))laced 
in command of the militia of N(>w York, and on 
Oct. 13 ]danted tlie flan on the heights of Queens- 
town, in 1819 he was elected re-ient of the Univer- 
sity, and in 1821 to the constitutional convention. In 
1820 he was president of the board of agricnltnre, 
and he paid for a geoloiiical survey of the route of 
the Erie canal. In 1824 he founded the Rensselaer 
Polytechnic Institute at Troy. From 1823 to 1829 he 
was a member of congress, and his report secured 
the election of John Quincy Adams as president. 



106 



England 



[1767 




MARIA EDOEWORTH(Kii<;lish, i;T3r-l«49) the crcii- 
tor of the uovel of iiatiomil uuiuuers and moral pur- 
pose, was the daughter of Richard Lovell Kdfie- 
worth, who devoted himself with enthusiasm to the 
education of his children, and joined with her in 
writing " Practical Education " (1798) and the " Kssay 
on Irish Bulls ". Her first novel appeared in 1800 and 
at once established her reputation. This was followed 
by "Belinda", "Popular Tales", " Fashi()nal)l<' 
Tales", etc., till the list reached to many volumes. 
The Encyclo]i;ie(lia, Brilannica says: " Siie plainly 
belongs to the realistic school, and her tales are ex- 
pressly foumlecl on a carefully thought out philosophy 
of education, tlius i:ivin^ no countenance to the theory 
tli.-it teai-liini; is a mere knack, rattier than a science 
resting on well-asccrt.-iiiiiMl mental phenomena. * * * 
In her pages the heroic virtues give place to prudence, 
industry, kindness, and sweetness of temper." 



184')] 



A. Ai ERICA 



107 




JOHX QUISCY ADAMS (American. 1T6T-I848), tith 
lircsidi'ut ol' the Viiitcil Suites. \v;is also for a time :i 
in-ofessoi- ill Harvard ami author of a rhetoric. At 12 
he visited lOurope with his father, and asain in 1814. 
attending the Uuiversit.v of Leyden. At 15 he was 
s(?cretary to the mission to St. Petersburg. After 
'graduation from Harvard in 1788. he was in 1791 ad- 
mitted to tlie bar. and in 1794 made minister to The 
Hague, and in 1797 to Prussia. In 1801 he returned to 
Hostou, and in 1803 was elected to congress. He was 
professor of rhetoric in Harvard 1806-9; and his lec- 
tures, the first on the subject delivered in America, 
were 'published as a text-book, and for many years 
enjoyed wide popularity. Th.-y are still often called 
for. " In 1809 he was made minister to St. Petersburg, 
and in 18)5 to London. Ii; 18-^5 he was elected presi- 
dent. In 18:>1 he was elected to congress, and re- 
mained a member till his death. 




JAMES WADSM'OKTH (.\mericau, 1768-1844) after 
graduation from Yale in 1788 purchased with his 
brother large tracts of land on the Genesee river in 
New York, then unsettled. The enterprise was suc- 
cessful and made them wealthy ; the death of the 
Ijrother made James the sole proprietor. Much of 
his time and wealth he devoted to the common schools. 
He urged the setting apart of school lots, and the 
establishment of normal schools. In 1832 he secured 
the republication and distribution amongthe schools 
of HalTs " Lectures on School Keeping ", and in 1835 
and 1838 the establishment of the district library sys- 
tem. In 1842 he paid for the publication and distri- 
bution of 15,000 copies of " The School and the School- 
master ", by Alonzo Potter and George B. Emerson. 
Altogether he expended more than $90,000 for im- 
proving the schools, and his personal influence in 
their behalf was far more valuable. 



108 



EnG la N D, S W ITZE U LA N 1) 



[1769 




EDWARD DANIEL CLAHKE (Knulish, 1769-1822), 

the first professor of iiiiiieraloi;y at (.'anibridfje, iu his 
capacity ;is a i)rivaie tutor was a noted traveller. Af- 
ter the capitulation of Alexandria lie aided in secur- 
ing for Eufiland many stat ues. sareophajii, maps. man- 
uscripts, etc.. wlii<'li had been uatiiered by the French 
scientists. lie sold his manuscripts to the Bodleian 
library for $5,000. and he^ave to Cambridge a colossal 
statue of the l%leusiniau Ceres. In 1808 he was made 
professor of miueralofi:y,and he also ])ursued eagerly 
the study of cliemistry, malving several discoveries 
lay means of the blow-pipe, which he brought to per- 
fection. His health gave way under too ardent study. 
Besides his books on travel, on which his profits ex- 
ceeded $30,000, he published in i807"A Methodical 
Distribution of the Mineral Kingdom ", and work.s 
on the ancient marbles he had brought to Kngland. 
He was personally of most amiable character. 




JOHANN (;E0KG TOBLEK (Swiss, 1769-1843) was 
educated for a preacher, but had not sufficient mem- 
ory to acquire foreign languages, and in 1799 became 
the head of a school at liasle for girl children of emi- 
grants. In 1800 he joined Pestalozzi at Burgdorf, 
and remained with him seven years. He then founded 
a labor-school at Miihlhausen, which grew to 600 pu- 
pils, but came to an end in 1811. He returned to Basle 
to compile his pedagogical views and experiences 
and write a Pestalozzian geography, but for want of 
money was obliged to become a teacdier. A fter some 
varied experiences he established at St. Gall a school 
where for 10 years he was allowed unimpeded control, 
and applied Pestalozzian principles to language, 
geograjihy, and natural history. An account in his 
(iw II words of hisediMjational experiences and failures 
is given in Pestalozzi's Christoph und Else. He passed 
his latter years at Basle, finishing his writings. 



1S43] 



Germany 



109 




GEORGES CUVIEB (UHrmaii, 1769-183::^). the great- 
est, palaeontologist of his time, after graduation from 
the Academy of Stuttgart was in 1795 made assistant 
to the professor of comparative anatomy at the Paris 
Museum of Natural History. In 1796 he began lec- 
turing at the Pantheon Central School, and in 1799 
got the chair of natural history in the College de 
France. In 1802 he became titular professor in the 
Jardin des Plantes, and was' appointed commissary 
of the Institute to accompany the inspectors of pub- 
lic instruction. In 1803 he became perpetual secre- 
tary of the National Institute. He also did much as 
an "official connected with iiublic education in gen- 
eral, -being placed in 1808 on the council of the Im- 
perial University, and making three separate reports 
on the higher schools beyond the Alps. He was after- 
ward made chancellor of" the University, and minister 
of the interior. 



10 



Dki.'.many 



[17G9 




HMEIHUCH HKIMUCH ALEXAXDKK, BAUONvoii 

IMMBOLl>T((.;rriii;ui,17tt)-18o<)) after study ;it, Fr;uik- 
I'ort ;iiiil (^Ottiiiiii'ii ciitcred in 17'J1 llu! iiiii'iiiiii scliool 
at I'l-eibcrti-. From 1792 to 1797 Iks was ii iiiiuiny: olIictT 
at liavrctitli. lie explored the Si)aiiish colonies of 
("iMitraland South America 1799-1803, brin<rin<; back 
ail immense stori! of material, and lived till 1827 in 
Paris, ]iuljlishiii'j his researches in 29 volnmes, with 
•-'.IHH) exc^uisite illustrations. After 1827 he resided in 
Uerlinat request of the king. In 1829 the Kussian 
I'liiperor placed him in chary;e of an ex])edition to 
i-etitra,l Asia, the results of which he jmblished in 1843. 
" Ivosmos" (1845-1859), his chief work, describes the 
miinerous forms th(! world (-ontains as one consistent 
existence. He astronomically determined more than 
700 positions in Souili Amcrii'ii, with many barome- 
trical observations, and <li'termiued the" ma<;netic 
equa.tor. 




ANO'I'IIFK I'OIM'KAI r 



1.S59] 



America 



111 




DE AVITT CLINTON (Americiiii, 1769-1828) after 
gruduiition fi-oiii Columbia in 1786 studied law and 
became private secretary to his uncle, Gov. George 
Clinton. He entered the assembly iu 1797, the State 
senate in 1798, and the United States senate in 1801. 
He was mavor of New York city 1802-15, lieutenant- 
governor 1811-13, and iu 1812 received 89 electoral 
votes for the presidency of the. United States. He 
^\.ls "overnor of New York 1817-22, and from 1824 to 
bib death. His greatest work was the Erie canal, for 
which he had presented a memorial to the legislature 
in 1815. But he was also exceedingly active in pro- 
moting the interests of education. About 1795 he 
bean studying the natural sciences, and as mayor 
of New York was active in establishing public schools 
and institutions of science, literature, and art. He 
was secretary 1794-7 of the regents of the University 
of the State of New York. 




HENRY DAVIS (American, 1770-1852), 2d president 
n{ Middlebury, and 2d president of Hamilton, after 
graduation from Yale in 1796 was tutor at Williams, 
1796-8, and at Yale, 1798-1803. In 1806 he became pro- 
fessor of Greek at Union, in 1809 president of Mid- 
dlebury. In 1817 he declined the presidency of Ham- 
ilton and in 1818 that of Yale. Later in 1818 he ac- 
cepted the rfuiewed offer from Hamilton. He was 
president, 1818-33, and member of the board of trus- 
ii-es till 1847. The death of Azel Backus, after being 
president but four years, had left 50 students and 4 
instructors, with principles of administration as yet 
unsettled. The number of students doubled, new 
buildings were erected, and the college got into debt. 
Serious dissensions arose between Dr. Davis and the 
trustees, as detailed in his " A narrative of the em- 
barrassments and decline of Hamilton college " 
(1833). He left, 9 students •■iiid a single professor. 



12 



KANCK 



[1770 




JOSEPH JACOTOT (French, 1770-1840), the most im- 
pcrtant of the Inventors of peculiar methods, based 
his system of teachiug language upou this maxim : 
••'Master whatever you learn, and proceed by the 
method of comparison" ; to which he added four ex- 
planatory words, "Learn, repeat, compare, verify," 
that is, Learn tlioughtlully ; repeat often for sure 
memory;' compare to discriminate, sj^stematize, and 
generalize, thus assuring clear and dlstmct ideas; 
verify by bringing principles to the test of facts.* 
After a simple statement of the subject with the lead- 
ing divisions, ail were free to ask questions, to raise 
objections, or to suggest answers. When professor of 
French at Louvain,he had pupils who knew only Flem- 
ish and Dutch, which he could not speak. So lie gave 
them Teleiiuique with French on one side of the page 
and Dutch on the other, and had them learn the 
French by heart; thence his method developed.! 



1844] 



Switzerland 



113 




PHILIPP EJIAM'EL von FELLENBERG (Swiss, 
1771-18J4), educated at, Tubiii^ien. after an exciting 
political career, in 1799 purchased the estate at Hof- 
wvl. near Bern, where in 1804 he sought to make 
airriculture the basis of a system of education. Jn 
1807 he opened a special school of agriculture in 
building:s presented by the government of Bern, 
and in 1808 a philanthropin for children of wealthy 
parents .\n institution for poor "iris was added, 
and in 1830 a real school for children of the middle 
classes. A teachers institute was established, and 
his schools received visitors from all over the world. 
Tuicc (1804 and 1817) Pestalozzi was for a time con- 
nic-tcd with him, butthey con' i notasree. From 1809 
to 1852 Wehrli was his assistant, and did much to make 
the school famous. Herbart was for a time one of 
his teachers. The fullest account of his work in 
English is in The American Annals of Education. 



114 



Amekica 



[1772 




EBENEZER PORTER (American, 1772-1834), afiei 
gradual inn from DiirtiiKiuth in 1792 bei-arae a Con- 
gri'Lintional pn-adirr. In 1S12 he became professor 
of sai-red rlietoric in the Andover Theolo'/ii-al Semi- 
nary, founded in 1808, and in 1827 was made pri'si- 
dent. His epitapli speaks of him as a fattier of tliis 
institution, with which he was connected for 22 years. 
His liealth was feeble, owini; to exx-essive night study 
durinir tlie early years of liis ministry. He was "a 
firm friend of the American Education' Society, and 
beiiuealhed to it the greater part of his property. 
He was methodical in his business transactions, and 
his sound common sense was everywhere recognized. 
His text-books on oratory were well known for many 
years, and his "Rhetorical Reader" was for a long 
time a favorite in schools. In 1833 he published 
"Spiritual hab'ts and progress in study ", and was 
often a si)eaker at eilucatioiial associations. 




ELIPH.VLET XOTT ( AimTi.-au, ir7:;-lseiti) was born 
in Asliford, L'oiiii.. and from a child showed avidity 
forle.-irniiig, supporting himself by teaching winters, 
and taking a partial course at Hrown university. He 
studied divinity, and in 1790 was sent to New York as 
a missionary. He bec.ime minister and teacher of 
the academy at Cherry Vally, N. Y., and in 1798 took 
a. church at Albany. In 1804 he became i)r(!sideiit of 
Union college, and' held the otlice till his death, grad- 
uating more than 3.700 studcuits. He found 14 stu- 
di'iifs. a f(MV unfinished buildings, no library, no ap- 
jiaratus, no money in tin* treasury, and overhanging 
di'liis: but with nndaimteti energy he ijrocured grants 
cif land from the Slate, gathered" books and instrn- 
mi'nts. endowed jjrofessors' chairs, and lived to si'c 
He' college take hii;li rank. From his success in 
dealing with students whom othi'r colleges could not 
nianagi!, under liiin Union was called " Hot.anv lJ:iy "'. 



1S67] 



Porter, Xott. Pay, Grisc()>[ 



115 




JEltEMIAH DAY (American, 1773-1867), 9th jn-csi- 
deut of Villi-', after graduation from Yak' in 1795 took 
charsB of Ur. Dwi^lit's school at Grei'nticld, was 
tutor at Williams 1796-8. and then returned to Yale, 
beooiiiini; professor of mathematics in 1801, and presi- 
dent in 1817. He ht'ld this olhce till 1846, a period of 
continual growth and great prosperity. The divinity 
school was started in IS'Zi, the law soliool was revived 
in 18;i6, and the medical faculty was enlarged in 1829. 
Dr. Day was one of the colleg'e corporation till his 
death lit the age of 94; he was one of the few men 
who had lived through both the revolutionary and 
the civil war. Among his text-books were those on 
algebra (1814. 18.i2), mensuration (1814), plane trigo- 
nometry (181."i), and navigalicm and surveying (1817). 
His aluebra was used in Yale until his death. In 
l:iter life he defended Jonathan Edwards's and refuted 
('ousin's doctrine of the will. 




JOHN GRISCOM (American, 1774-1852) began teach- 
ing at 17, and had such success at Burlington, N. J., 
that in 1807 he came to New York city on a guaran- 
teed income of $2,250, and in 1808 built a schoolhouse 
for himself, in which he taught for ten years. Goold 
Brown "vas one of his assistants. He became a lec- 
turer on natural science, with experiments, and be- 
came recognized as the chief expositor of chemistry. 
He was also interested in pauperism, and in 1823 re- 
conimendeil the house of refuge for juvenile delin- 
quents, established in 1825. He had already conceived 
the plan of a monitorial high school, and this he 
opened in 1825 with 250 boys, and soon found it filled 
to overflowing. It had 4(X) pupils when it closed in 
1831. In 1827 he was appointed professor of chemistrv 
in Rutgers medical college, and in 1832 became prin- 
cipal of a Friends' school in Providence. After two 
years he retired, and spent his days in literary work. 



116 



England 



[1774 




EDWAKD BAIXES (Enslish, 1774-1848) was the son 
of .•icdtl'Ui in:iiiiil'ucUirer, but was apprenticed to a 
priiiti-r, and in i;ai entered the ollice of the Leeds 
Mercury, of whicli he soon became owner and so 
continuiMl until his death. He made it one of the 
most inlUiential country newspapers in the kingdom, 
and was mainly influential in seonring the election 
of Macaulay to parliament in 1832, and succeeeed 
him in 1834. At the first he was an advocate of popu- 
lar education, and in 1823 he supported Dr. Hirkbecjc's 
plan for mechanics' institutions, and the infant 
schools started about that time, and in 1838 served on 
the committee on tin; state of education. Hut after 
his retirement from parliament his letters of 1846 in 
opposition to Lord Russell's plan of popular educa- 
tion had ii powerful influence in determining the 
action of government. He said that he thought it was 
better to leave education to the people themselves. 




GEORGE BIRKBECK (Englisll, 1776-1841) at 23 was 
appointed professor of physics in Andersoulan Insti- 
tution, Glasgow. To procure apparatus he had to go 
himself to the sliops of the mechanics. In whom he 
became so interested, that,he gave lectures to them, 
wliich led to a " mi'iiianics' class" at tlie institution 
and then to the rstaiilishraeut of a mechanics' in- 
stitution there. In 1804 he settled in London as a 
physician, and in ]S(1',) he wasoneot tlic]irojcct(irs of 
tlie Loudun Institution for the diffusion of literature, 
science, and the arts. In aS23, h(> founded t he Lon- 
don Mechanics' Inst it tit ion, wliiiii opened with 1,.'30() 
members. He was act.Nc in tlic cstablislunent of 
University ('olle'_;v in 18:!(;, i 1 tlie S(jciely for t,li(^ Dif- 
fusion of i'scful Knowledu'c in 18-'W, and of the Cen- 
tral Society (if Kducatioii in 1H:S. He Is often called 
the pioneer of popular education in England, and 
fi'om him tlie Blrkbeck scliools took tlielr title. 



1848] 



Gekmaxy 



11 




JOHANX FUIEDRICH HERBART (German. 1776^ 
1841) was interested in piiilosopliical investigation 
li-oni rhildhcKXl. In 1793 lie entered Jena, where 
Fielite liad just become professoi- of pliilosophy, but 
saidufiuia, "• Fid irfraii-Utiiifciiiciiv by his errors." 
From IT'.)" to Lsno lir was a pri\ate tutor at Berne; 
in isou hn visited IVstaluzzi at Bm-gdorf, afterward 
(lsi)4) writing '-Pesialozzl's Idea of tlie ABC of Ob- 
servation Scientmcally Treated"; from 1800 to 1803 
he studied and tauglit at Bremen; in 1802 became 
lectm-er and in 1805 professor at GOttingen; and la 
1809 succeeded Kant as professor of philosophy at 
Konlgsbm-g. In 1810 he also founded a pedagogical 
seminary, held after 1812 In his own house. In 18.33 
he accepted a call back to Gottingen, where he died 
of apoplexy in 184.. His AUaeineine rdaofiogii: was 
publisheil In 1806. His principles are best known to 
English readers in Item's " Outlines of Pedagogy ".''^ 



lis 



("lEiniANY, Engi.and 



[1776 




KASPAR SPURZHKIM (G.u-ni:in, 1776-1832) studied 
:ti Mie university ot 'I'lcv.'s, and became in 1800 u pu- 
pil of Gall, the plircuolo-ist. servinK from 1804 to 1813 
as his associate, proviui; a powerful advocate of the 
system. In 1808 they presented a joint memoir to the 
French Institute, and in 1809 besau publishintj their 
■• An;itoiny and Physiology of the Nervous Svstcm ■" 
111 |si 1 li.- went to Great Hritain. and enlisted the aid' 
of (..ni-^c Combe. He founded the Anthropolotiira I 
socieiy. In 1832 he came to America to study the 
country and to propoxate phrenologv. His first ad- 
dress was before the American InstiUite of Instruc- 
lion, and a series of lectures on phrenology soon fol- 
lowed, in which he so overtaxed himself that he fidl 
111, and died Nov. 10. His body was the first interred 
111 Mt. Auburn. The Boston Phrenological Society 
took up his doctrines, and contained such men as S 
G. Howe, John Pierpout, and \Vm. A. Alcott. 




SIR HIMPHRY DAVY (English, 1778-1839) was 
Mpijrenticed to an apothecary, but devoted liimself to 
self-educatiou, especially to scientific experiments. 
In ]7ii8 he became superintendent of a pneumatic 
medical institution, and his lirst paper was published 
in 1799. During the next year lie publislied his re- 
searches on nitrous oxide. Jn 1801 lie became lecturer 
at the Royal Institution, and in 1802 ])rofessor of 
chemistry. In 1807 became secretary of the Royal So- 
ciety. For his electro-chemical investigations tlu; 
l<'reiich Institute gave liim a, prize of 3.000 francs. His 
production of i)otassium and sodium was shown in 
IK07, and of magnesium jind strontium in 1808. He 
l>i-edicted the discovery of l)arium and calcium. In 
1815 lie invented the safety-lamp. He was a memiier 
of almost all the scientific societies of the world, and 
Cuvier said that he occupied the first rank among the 
chemists of his or anv other age. 



1S3S] 



En(;l.\xi) 




JOSKPH LANCASTER (English, 177R-183S), son of a 
Chelsea pensiouer, began at lO to yatlier tlie clill- 
flren of the neighboring po(ir Inr gratuitous Instruc- 
tion, at flrst in his father's himsi,', inid then in rented 
rooms. He soon had a thousaml cliildri'n asscnililed 
at Borough Road, London. Thiouuhthc l)ukr(]f r>ed- 
ford and others a building ^vas pnividrd, the King 
becoming Interested, and Lancaster travelled over 
England gning lecture.s and estaljlislilng schools. 
But his projects exceeded his resources, and In 
1807 he was arrested for debt. The Britisli and For- 
eign School Society was formed t< assume his worlc, 
leaving him in charge. But by i8i- his debts 
amounted again to $40,000, and he became bankrupt. 
In 1818 lie sailed to America, wliere he lectured and 
taught, finally settling down in New Yoric city, 
which made him a grant of $.500. Here he was run 
over lu the street by a can-iage, and killed. 



120 



EXGI.ANI) 



[1778 




MART ANNE SCHOIMELPEXMCK (EngUsll, 17rR~ 
1850), daughter of Samuel (iairmi, is best known as 
the historian of the I'nrt Hdvalists, to whom her at- 
tention had been called by llai.uah More. She pub- 
lished In 1813 "■ Lancelot's Tour to Alet and La Grand 
Charti-euse " ; in 1816, "Demolition of Port Royal des 
Champs"; and in 1829, an edition containing both, 
under the title, "Select Meinoii'S of Port Royal." 
These "little schools" started in 1643 as a protest 
against the system of the Jesuits, and were sup- 
pressed through the Jesuits In 1660 ; but their influ- 
ence continued through the great literary ability of 
tlie lay lirothers, wlio wrote, besides some pedagogic 
treatises, several approved text-books, long current 
under tlie name of Port Royal books. In the line oi 
reform, one of their great merits was the stress they 
laid on the vernacular, making Frencii the basis of 
all instruction.* 




HEMIY I'ETEK. BAUOX BKOIUHAM AND VAIX 

(S.'.itrl], 1779-186^), Inuiidrr (iT LiukJi.ii uiiiversil.v, 
.•I It IT uradiialioii from ImIIiiIjui'kIi in 1795 was axliiiiUi'd 
to till' bar in 1800. In 1802 he joined in founding the 
lOdinVjufi;!! Review, had 80 articles in the first 20 uuin- 
l)efs. and contributed to it for many years, in I8O.1 
he removed to London, and in 1810 entered parlia- 
ment. In 1821 he gained gi'eat popularity by his 
defence of Queen Caroline. Ho distinguislied him- 
self as a promoter of public education. In 1820 he 
brouij,ht in bills for maintaining parochial schools, 
he joined George Hirkbeck in starting meclianies in- 
stitutes, and in 1825 he published " Observations on 
the Kdueation of th"e l'eo])le '". wliich resulted in the 
Society for thedilTusion of useful knowledge. In 1812 
he founded London university, and was prominent 
in the educational debates of 1833, 1835, and 1837. His 
works are published in 10 volumes (1857). 



186S] 



America 



121 




.10HN JAMES Al'DUBOX(Ain.Ticau, 1780-1851) llie 
I'limient iiiitiu-alist, was taken at 15 to Paris where 
he had drawing lessous of David. At 17 he returned 
to America, and for 15 years searched the primeval 
lorests simply through eujovmeut of nature. His 
colored drawings of more than 1,000 birds, deposited 
with a friend in Philadelphia, were destroyed by rats 
which threw him into a fever that nearlv proved 
latal. Kut he plunged into the woods aga'iiiandin 
three years had filled his portfolio, and in 18a6 he 
took the sketches to Kngland wliere they were ^n-eat- 
ly admired. He published them, 1830-39, in elephanl 
loho, every one of the 1,055 birds the size of life and 
the most magnificent work of the sort ever issued 
His ••American Ornithological Biography" (183]-;wi 
also filled five volumes. Afterward he published his 
■Uirds" in 7 octavo volumes (1839), •' Quadrupeds ' 
(1840), and " Hiogriiphy of Quadrupeds " ( 1840-50). 



122 



GliUMANY 



[17.S2 





FRIEDERICH FRffiBEL (German, 1783-1852) the 
f oimcler of the Kinderg-artcu, became m 1808 tht! tutor 
of two boys, and took them for two years to Peslaloz- 
zl's school at Yverduu. llcu'e he uot oaly gamed the 
ceriM-al idea of Pestalozzi's system, the idea of genu- 
iue huiuau development and Its conditions, but im- 
proved I lu Pestalozzi's idea of self-activity. In 1836 he 
published his principal work, "The Education of 
Man." From 1817 to 1831, he carried on a school at 
Keilhau. In 1837 he opened the first kindergarten at 
Blankeuburg, behevlng that "the rousing of the need 
to learn must precede learning ;"* and in 1843 he pub- 
lished his "• Muiirr- uml Koxt^-Lieclfr" (Mothei"Songs 
and liauies), still a text-book in all kindergartens. 
His ''Autobiography" ($1.50) is fascinating for its sim- 
ple directness; and his principles are best stated In 
"Child and Child-Natm-e " ($1.50) by the Baroness 
Marenholz- von Buelow, his coadjutor. 



1852] 



FRIIiDEKICH FR(J.;I!EL 



123 




\N<'Tiii:i; iv)|;trait 



124 



Germany 



[1783 




KARL GEORG Ton RAUMER (German, 1783-1865). 
brother of the great historian Friedrich von Raumer, 
after university education was in 1811 made professor 
of mineralogy at Breslau. From 1819 to 1823 he was 
professor at Halle. From 1823 to 1827 he was an as- 
sistant at Dittmar's institution at Nuremberg for the 
rescue and education of orphan children. In 1827 
he was made professor at Erlangen. While studying 
in Paris in 1808 he became so impressed by Pestaloz- 
zi's writings that he gave up his studies and was a 
voluntary assistant in Pestalozzi's school during the 
winter of 1808-9. His main work was his " History 
of Pedagogy", published 18-16-1855. This was trans- 
lated in great part for Barnard's Journal of Educa- 
tion , and a revised edition was published in 1877. 
The chapters on the education of girls, and German 
instruction, were also published separately. It is 
still a standard authority. 



1870] 



New York Common Schools 



12.", 




GIDEON HAWLEY (Americau, 1785-1870), first Stale 
superintendent of New York, after sraduatiou from 
Union in 1809 was for a year a tutor there, but studied 
law and in 1812 was admitted to the bar. He was in 
that year elected State superintendent of common 
schools at a salary of $400, and threw himself into 
the work with accustomed energy. He has been 
called the father of the common school s3'stein. In 
1821 he was superseded by reason of political changes, 
which led to such dissatisfaction that the office was 
abolished, its duties being transferred to the secre- 
tary of state. He served as secretary of the regents 
of the University, 1814-1841, and in 1842 was elected a 
regent. On the organization of the Alliany normal 
in 1845 he was made one of the executive committee. 
He was one of the four regents-at-large of the Smith- 
sonian institute. He published privately '• Essnvs in 
Truth aud Knowledge " (1850). 



126 



FRANt'E, America 



[1786 




DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS ARAGO (Fiencli, 1786- 
1853) after education at the Paris Polytcchuic became 
in 1874 secretary to tlie observatory, and with Biot 
was commissioned to iiic'isurc the meridian of the 
earth as a basis for the nn'tric ^y^iiMu. In l.s09 he was 
made a member of tin- Ac-adrmy of Scirnees, and 
eleeti'd ])rofessor in the Polyleclinic. He was also 
named one of the astronomers of the observatory, 
and resided there till death. In 1816, in connecddn 
with Guy-Lussac, he edited the Annales de Cldmie 
et de Physique, and in 1821 published the results of 
his observations on longitude. From 1812 to 1845 he 
had unparallelled success as a popular lecturer on 
astronomy. In 1830 he was elected to the chamber of 
deput ies. where his services were of great value to 
science, and in the same year was made perpetual 
secretary of the .Vcademy of Science. In 1848 he be- 
came secretary of war. 




NATHAN GUILFORD (American. 1786-1854>, founder 
of the school system of Ohio, after graduation from 
\-a\i' in 1812 conducted a classical school in Worces- 
irv, Mass., but was admitted to the bar and in 181t) 
o|)ened an offlcc in Cincinnati. He became a zealous 
advcK-ate of a liberal system of common schools, and 
opened up a correspondence with prominent men 
I liroughout the Stale. For 7 years he issued "Solo- 
mon's Thrifty's Almanac" with something on every 
Ijage about free education. In 1824 he was elected to 
the State senate to secure a schol tax. He secured the 
passage without amendment of the bill he had pre- 
jiared for a tax of '■Smill. He iirepared an arithme- 
tic a,iul a revised edition of \Vel)st(>r's speller, from 
1825 to 1843 he was n, publisher and bookseller, and 
in 1847 he started a newspaper. In 1849 he became 
the first city superint(>ndent of schools, and resigned 
in 1852 to beconu' loc-al magistrate. 



1870] 



America 



127 




GULIAN CROMMELIN VERPLANCK (American, 
1786-1870) after graduation from Columbia in 1801, 
entered the New YorVc legislature in 1820, and was in 
congress from 1825 to 1833, wliere he was noted as the 
most industrious man there. He sat afterward in the 
senate of Xew York, and was from 1829 to his death 
vice-chancellor of the regents of the university. His 
college addresses were widely published, including 
"The Right Moral Influence and Use of Liberal 
Studies " (1833), "The Influence of Moral Causes on 
Oiiiiiinn, Science and Literature" (1834) and "The 
AdvMiitages and Disadvantages of the American 
Schohir" (1836). They exerted an extended and up- 
lifting influence for higher education. He issued an 
annotated edition of Shakspere, and from 1846 was 
president of the commissioners of eniisiratiijfn, writing 
most of their reports. The memorial address upon him 
before the historical society was delivered by Hryant. 




llEN.IA.MIN(atEENLEAF (American. 1786-1864). the 
niMihcinatical author, after graduation from Dart- 
n;oulh in 1813 taught in Haverhill, >lass., and in 1814 
became; preceptor of Bradford academy, the 14th in 
11 years. He remained until 1836, beginning with 10 
pupihs. He was of nervous temperament, quick in 
thouglit and action, disciplining by "an odd mixture 
of ridicule, sarcasm, and moral suasion, with a whole- 
some seasoning of corporal punishment ". He was a 
pioneer in public science lectures illustrated by ex- 
periments. He was in the legislature, 1837-39, and 
urged the foundation of an educational system; he 
also introduced an order for geological and natural 
liistory surveys. In 1839 he founded the Bradford 
teachers seminary, which he conducted till 1848. His 
mathematical books, first issued in 1835, became so 
popular that millions of copies were sold, and trans- 
lations were made into Burmese and modern Greek. 



1-28 



A^rERicA. Deaf Mute Instruction 



[1787 




THOMAS HOPKINS GALLAUDET (American, 1787, 
1851) alter trraduation from Yale and from Andover 
became in 1814 a, clerjivman, but the next year visited 
Europe to qLialify liiuiself as a teacher of the deaf 
and dumb, and became a pupil of the Abbe Sicard. A 
year hiter hereturned, brinsintr with him a hig:hly ed- 
ucated deaf mute, and spent 8 months in soliciting 
funds for the American asylum at Hartford, which 
was opened April 15, 1817, "witli 7 jnipils. In 1830 
when the number of pupils had increased to 140, he 
l-etired on account of ill-health. The next year he 
published " The Child's book on the Soul ", followed 
by his " Mother's Primer" and some text-books, be- 
sides religious books. He was an early advocate of the 
higher education of women. In 1833'he wrote " Pub- 
Uc Schools Public Blessings ", and was a frequent 
contributor to the Annals of Education. In 1838. he 
became chaplain of an insane retreat. 



INTO] 



GaLLAIDKT. ToRREV, W'n.LARD 



I2i 




JESSE TORRET, JR. (American. 1787— y), au early 
champion of free public schjools and libraries, in 1804 
was one of the founders of the New Lebanon, N. Y.. 
juvenile "society for the diffusion of knowledge", 
which had 148menibers, and formed a free circulating 
library. In a pamphlet entitled "IntellectualToroh" 
(1S17) he made a plea for public libraries, referring to 
Washington's words, ■' Promote as objects of primarv 
importance institutions for the general diffusion of 
knowledge." His essays form a volume published in 
1819 as " Moral Instructor". He was also a pioneer in 
temperance reform, and proposed a liquor tax of 50cts. 
per gallon for the " universal establishment of free 
Lancastrian schools and free libraries". He believed 
in the gradual emancipation of slaves and their right 
to education. He published "A Portraiture of Domes- 
tic Slavery" (1822), reprinted in London with a pref- 
ace by AVilliam Cobbott. 




EJIMA. (HART) WILLARD (American, 1787-1870), the 
most noted woman-teacher ot her time, devised plans 
for the higher education of women tliat so early as 
1819 demanded aid of the New York legislatm-e. In 
18;2l she removed her school to Troy, where it opened 
with 3i)0 pupils and soon became famous. For 17 
ye.M-s «he was the principal, assisted by her sister, 
Mrs. /Vluiira Lincoln, afterwards Mrs. Phelps. The 
school has contlJiued prosperous, and only recently 
has received gifts ot $150,000 lor new buildings. Mrs. 
Willard became stiU more successful as an author, 
her te.Kt-books having an immense circulation. In 
1830-31, she visited Fi-ance, which furnisned material 
for an entfrtaining volume. After an unfortunate 
niani.ii^e and divorce, she travelled, took part in 
f(luc;iriiiiial conventions, etc.. even acting as super- 
iiiteudeut of town schools In Connecticut. Her "Life" 
by Dr. Lord appeared in 1874 



180 



Two Eminent American Sister^ 




AlUOVIL CARLBTON HASSELTINE (American, 1788- 
1868), priiKripal of liradfni-d acadiMuy, did not talk- 
till sill' was I'ciiir xcai's old, and then talked at ouee 
almost like an adnlt. She learned to read slowlyand 
beiran arithmetic at 12. When Bradford academy was 
established in 1803 close by her father's house, she 
entered it, and in 1806 she began teaching at Byfield, 
continuing at Pembroke and Beverly, and in a mis- 
sionary school at Great Rock. In 1815 she becanle 
assistant preceptress and in a few weeks preceptress 
of Bradford academy. Here she became a great power. 
She was tall and stately, but as gentle in her sway as 
firm, and with an oiniii|>ri'sent sense of humor that 
won the pupils. In ls:!rt t he academy Iji'iMiiie a school 
for girls alone, and slie was made lirincipal. In 18-18 
she resigned, but was called back, but in 18.52 withdrew 
again, after a service of 38 years, acting as honorary 
principal. 




MRS, ANN HASSELTINE JUnSON (American, 1789- 
1826), sister of Mrs. .loseph Kmerson. who with her 
husband taught the school at Byfleld. Mass.. where 
Mary Lyon graduated; and of Abigail Hasseltine, 
long preceptress of Bradford academy, taught in 
Haverhill, Salem, and Newbury, and in'l812 married 
Adonirain .Tudson and sailed for India. They found 
the East India company hostile, and went to Bur- 
mah. They had no knowledge of the language, no 
interpreter, no grammar or dictionary. Mr. Judson 
commenced preaching in 1819, while Sirs. Judson 
taught llie women and children and assisted in the 
translation of the Bible into Burmese. In 1823 they 
scltird down under the protection of the British flag, 
when sill' died of fever. President Wayland said he 
h.id ni'xer met a more remarkable woman, uniting 
clearness of intellect, large powers of comprehension, 
inttiitive female sagucit\-, and disinterestedness. 



Scotland 



131 




SIR WILLIAM HAMTLTO" (Snoteli, 1788-1856), the 
most, eminent oc Scutch iiictiii)ii\>iiciuns, was profes- 
sor of logic aiKl metapliysics in tlie university of 
Edinbiu-gli from 18;* till deatli. His an lliorsliip be- 
gan with Lis "f'liiiosophj of tlic I'nconditioned" 
(iSJg), followed by "Discussions In PliilosopliyXitera- 
ture, and Education" (i85d), "Lectin-es on Logic" 
etc. For twenty years liis influence on tlie yoimger 
generation of minds in' Scotland was predominant. 
It was liis peculiar contrilnition to pliil(iS(ipijy that 

l>laci'd tlie data of perception along with the data 
01 thoiiglit, and affirmed tliat both classes alilce are 
Inexplicable, yet as facts clear; that both rest on the 
same authority ; and that if the one be accepted as 
true, so should the other. He was a realist, because 
he believed realism to be the dictate of conscious- 
ness, as to the alleged primary facts of which he laid 
down four criteria § 




jfiKORGE COMBE (Scotch, 1788-1858) is best known 
as a phrenologist, but was the competitor of Sir Wm. 
Hamilton lor tiie cliair of logic and metaphysics iu 
the University of Edinburgh, and declined a chair In 
the University of Michigan. lie lectured in America, 
is:^-40, on fdncatiiin as enlightened by phrenology, 
lie w as (iiic lit f he ilrst to advocate scientific instead 
ot classical education, and to oppose tlieological 
tiMcliing in schools. lie founded and taught in the 
famous "Williams Secular Schnui " in lOcHnbiirgh, 
(in the plan of the Bn-kljcck schools, and from 1846 
111 lii^ death he was active In support of national 
(•(luiatiiiii on non-sectariaii principles. His educa- 
tional works were gathered into a large voluaie by 
Wm. Jolly, under these principal heads : (i) What is 
education? (2) What subjects should be taught? 
(3) How shotild education be conducted? (4) Who 
should be educated ? 



132 



Oermany, France 



[17.SS 




ARTHUR SCHUI'KNHAUKK (German, 1788-1800) 
after a wanderinj; youth in 1809 entered GOttinKen, 
and began to study Plato and Kant. In 1811 he went 
to Berlin, and heard Fichte and Schleieriuacher. In 
1813 he fled from war to Weimar, received his dejjree 
from Jena, and published his first book "On the 
Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason ". 
Ia»1814 he quarrelled with his widowed mother, and 
never saw her again. In 1818 he published "The 
World as Will and Idea", and in 1819 accepted an 
appointment to lecture in Berlin. Rut he did not 
finish the firstcourse, which he attributed to Hegelian 
intrigues, and he lived an unhappy life until 18.31 in 
Berlin, and afterward in Frankfort: and in 1836 he 
prefaced "The Will in Nature" by an attack upon 
Hegel. After IS.oO he began to find growing recogni- 
tion. He showed how feeble is spontaneity of intel- 
lect, and how overpowering the sway of original will. 




AUGIISTIX LOUIS CAUCHY (French, 1789-1857) 
was tor :i, time tutor to the Comte de Chambord. anil 
from 1848 to 1852 professor of astronomy at Paris, 
but refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon 
III, and lived the rest of his life in retirement. In 
1882 the Aeademv began a reissue of his works in 26 
volumes. In 18l"5 lie puljlislird liis memoir upon the 
theory of waves, whieh afterward became the basis 
of the undulatory theory of light, and in 1837 he 
published liis memoir upon the dispersion of light, 
llis demonstration in the same year that every nu- 
merical e(iu;ition has a numerical root surpasses all 
others in simplicity and completeness, proving not 
only that a numericiil etiuation of the ?(th order has a 
numcric;i 1 root, but that it has n numerical roots. Th(> 
demonstration does not assume tlie existence of any 
root: tlK^ ctuitour may be the infinity of the plane. 
His liioi:r:ipliv in two volumes was published in 1868. 



1S60] 



America 



133 




. JOHN FARMER (American, 1789-1838) began tuach- 
lug m 1810 near Amherst, X. 11. . where he formed a 
literary association for mutual improvement and 
became a contributor to the Massachusetts Historical 
society. In 1821 he moved to Concord and Iiecame an 
apothecary, but gave most of his time to antiquarian 
research. In 1823 he started a journal on New Ilami)- 
shire history, and aided in editing a <jazetteer of tlie 
State. He was corresponding secretary of the X H 
Historical society, arranged the State papers at Con- 
cord, and published many historical and genealogi- 
cal works. Tlirough his articles the Quarterly Jour- 
nal of the American Education Society became a 
thesaurus of information on higher institutions of 
learning, and is still of great value in the history of 
education. It continued for 1.5 volumes 1827-1843 
and gives portraits and sketches, histories of institu- 
tions, lists ol graduates, etc., no where else found. 




CYRUS FFIRCE (American, 1790-1860) was graduat- 
ed from Harvard in 1810,aud after some teaching began 
m 1818 to preach, but in 1826 resumed teaching, going 
back in 1831 to Nautucket where for six years he con- 
ducted a private school. During this period Maria 
Mitchell, afterward professor at Vassar, was one of 
his assistants. In 1837 he became principal of the 
high school. Here his work attracted the attention 
of Horace Mann, who secured his appoiuiment in 
1839 as principal of the first American normal school, 
at Lexington. Here he overworked, seldom allowing 
himself more than four hours of sleep, but after a 
rest from 1842 to 1844, resumed the prineipalshii) of 
the school, then removed to West Newton. lu 1849 
he was once more compelled to resign, and he visited 
Europe as a representative of the American l^';i.ce 
Society. In 18.30 he became assistant in the school of 
Xathaniel T. Allen, and tai-ght altogether 50 years, 



134 



Amkrica 



[ITMO 




AZARIAH CUTTINfi FLAOG (American. 1790-1873). 
tlie originator of the school district library, was a 
lawyer and editor of the PlattsburK Republican 1811- 
36. He was member of assembly 1823-4, secretary of 
state and ex-otlicio superintendent of common 
schools, 1826-33, and comptroller 1834-9, and 1842-7. 
He was comptroller of New York city 1852-8. In his 
report as superintendent of scliools in 1830he referred 
to the Society for promoting useful knowled<:e, and 
recommended an appropriation for district libraries, 
an idea taken up and carried out by his successor, Gen. 
Dix. A treatise of his on public"parks and bankin-; 
in New York was i)ublished in 1868. He became blind 
in 1859. but continued to be one of the democratic lead- 
ers of the State. He had for many years discussed 
liolitical questions in the columns of the Albany 
Ar(/ii!i. He wasan oj^ponentof the V. S. bank,favor<'d 
the lOrie canal, and was outspoken against slavery. 




DKXISOX OLMSTED (American, 1791-1859) after 
^radualioii from Vale resumed the teaching by which 
he had paid for liis education, and in 1815 became a 
tutor at Vale, resigning to become professor of chem- 
istry in the university of North Carolina. In 1825 he 
became professor of mathematics and natural philoso- 
phy at Yale, and in 1835 professor of natural philos- 
phy alone, so remaining until his death. His "Natural 
Philosphy'' appeared in 1831, his "Astronomy" in 1839, 
and his " Rudiments of Natural Philosophy and As- 
tronomy", a book of great popularity, in 1842. His sub- 
ject for'the A.M. degree in 1816was" The state of edu- 
cation in Connecticut" and he had alre.-Kly projected 
an acjidemy for schoolmasters. In 1840, as a member of 
the State board of commissioners he advocaled normal 
schools, and the more general employment of women 
teachers. He frequently addressed teacliers' associa- 
tions and spoke for education before the legislature- 



1873] 



Gekmanv, England 



135 




FRIEDRICH ADOLF WILHELM DIESTEKWEG 

((iiTiiuui, 17yO-l«66) after study at Ilcrboni and 
'L'uljiuyc'ii Mild ten years teacliinji;, beeame in 1820 
actin^J iircsident of'the seminary at Jleurs and in 
1832 director of the normal schoorat Berlin. In 1847 
he was suspended and iu 1850 removed from office, 
but with continuance of salary. He was elected to 
the IJerlin town council: and to the Prussian Parlia- 
ment, where he led the opposition to the '■ three res- 
ulatioiis ■■ that aimed to substitute for the principles 
of Pestalozzi the most intimate connection between 
church and scliool. He founded in 1827 tlie Ehein- 
ische BJattfr fill' T'nterricht iind Erziehuncj, and in 
1851 his I'itila^iof/inches Jahrbuch. He was the author 
of numerous te\t-l)ooks. His " \Ven:weiser " sets 
forth liis views on education, his aim being "self- 
activity in the service of the true, the beautiful, 
and the good". 




MICHAEL FAllADAY (Knulish, 1791-1867) wliilc a 
bookbinder heard in 1812 some of Sir Humphrev 
Bavy's lectures, and took such intellijient notes of 
them that in 1813 he became Davy's assistant in the 
laboratory of the Royal Institution. He be(-ame direc- 
tor iu 1825, and professor of cheniisiry in 18:i3. He 
made a special study of chlorine, stuilied diffusion of 
passes, liquefied several gases, and investigated the 
alloys of steel. But his most remarkable discoveries 
were in electricity and magnetism, including mag- 
neto-electric induction in 1831, magnetization of 
light iu 1845, and diamagnetism in 1846. Among 
his books are " Chemical Manipulation " (1827), " Ex- 
perimental Researches in Electricity" <l844-5), and 
" in Chemistry and Physics " (1859), "" Chemical His- 
tory of a Candle "(18(51), "Various Forces of Na- 
ture." etc. Biographies of him have been written by 
T,vndai;, Benee Jones, and J. H. Gladstone. 



136 



America 



[1791 




SAMIKL FI>LEY BREESE MORSE Am. i iciin. 
i;!il-is7:.'). iiivnit.ir uf li'lr>;rapl]\ . \v;i.s the smi of Jud- 
I'diali Morsi'. Ihi- ^;co<;raplj(^r. AIut yradiiation fivnii 
Yale ill 1810, he went, to London in 1811 with Wash- 
ington Allston. inlendini;- to Ix'ooine a painter. In 
1813 he I'eeeived the y:old medal of the Rov al Academy 
for his first sculpture. Returnint; to America in 1815 
he became one of the founders of the .\merlcaM 
Academy of design, and was for many years Its [iresi- 
deiit. lie w^as also professor of line arts in New York- 
university. lUit he had been iiUi'ivsted also in sci- 
entific studies, and in 1835 he set up in his college 
room a rude telegraphic apparatus. In 1844 he brought 
his invention befare world, the first messaue being 
sent May 24. lie became famous, and a congress of 
the sjoveriuiients of Europe especiallv convened at 
Paris voted to present him |;8(),()00. "lie also wrote 
pamphlets, poems, books, and magazine articles. 




PETER COOPER (American. 1791-1883) founder of 
('ooper institute, liad only the si;hooling he could get 
in half-day attendance for a single year. He was ap- 
prenticed "to a coach-maker, and began to manufact- 
ure a machine for shearing cloth. After the war of 
1812 he went into the grocery business, bought a glue 
factory, and erected the Canton iron works, near Bal- 
timore. While there he built in 1830 a locomotive that 
would run up steeper grades and around sharper 
curves than had been thought possible, thus saving 
the K. & O. from bankruptcy. He manufactured iron 
near Trenton. X. J., and Easton. Pa., and became in- 
terested in telegraph-lines. The Atlantic cable was 
largely due to him. In 1876 he was the candidate for 
president of the national party. But his great work 
was the founding iu 1854 in Xew York of "Cooper 
Uniou for the Advancement of Science and Art ", to 
educate the industrial classes, 



1883] 



Mouse, Cooper, Beck 




THEODOKIC BOMKYX BECK (Ainci-icMn. i;91-)85o) 
alii'i- L:railn:ii iiui frDiii I'niou in 1807 liud pr<-[)arr(l a. 
s,\ siiiii.ii !■• I'riMiii nil luiuerii.ls as early as 1813, and in 
IM.'i lic.'aiui' lU'nl'-ssor in Fairfield inedicul colk'Sii'. 
Kroiii 1817 to l)S-)8 he was inMncijial of the Albany 
iicadeniv, still continnin>i' to lecture from 1826 to 1840 at 
Fairfield, and from 1840 to ]8o4 in the All)any medi- 
cal oolle^e. From 18-11 to his death he was secretary 
of the resents of the university. When the State 
geotoKical survey was ori:ani/,ed, the instrnctions 
prepared for the scienliiie slalf were larirely his work. 
and he was himself intnisli'd with the department of 
mineralogy. Out of this survey sprang the State 
Museum. He e<]iled the .lonrual of Insanity from 1849 
to 18,"i.'i, and imhlislied much on the education of the 
de:i,f and dumb and the blind. He ortraiii'/ed the 
Albany institute. He published in 1823 his cele- 
bral<>d treatise on '' .Medical Jurisprudence '". 



18S 



Franc'K 



[1792 




VICTOR COUSIN (P^rench, 1792-1867) In the normal 
school at Paris was especially attracted by meta- 
physics, and in 1815 became instructor in that branch 
in the normal school and in the university. In 1817 
he met Hegel and Schelling. In 1822he was deprived 
of office and went to Germany, where through French 
influence he was imprisoned for six months. In 1828 
he was with Guizot recalled to the university, and for 
three years crowded the Sorboune with hearers as no 
lecturer had done since Abelard. In 1832 he was made 
member of the council of public instruction, in 1840 
minister of public instruction, and during the reign 
of Louis Philippe was virtual director of France in 
philosophy and literature. To him France owed the 
advance from 1830 to 1848 in primary education. In 
1831 he was sent to Germany and his reports on Pub- 
lic Instruction in Prussia and iu Holland wrought 
great results everywhere. 




MATTHIEU BRANSIKT [FREKE PHILIPPE] 

(French. 1792-187-1). supcrior-gfurral of Christian 
bruihcrs. went at 17 to the Petit-Colle;;e at Lyons al- 
i'iimIn ili'ii'rmined to become a brother of the Chris- 
tian si-l](jols. He soon became teacher of mathematics 
at Auray. In 1816 he went to Rethel, and in 1818 be- 
came director of the school established by St. De La 
Salle at Reims. He opposed the Lanca.strian ideas 
then jjrcivalent. and retained the simultaneous in- 
struction established by his great predecessor. He 
was afterward director at Metz. atid in 1823 was made 
director of the commuiiitv St.-Nicholas-des-Champs. 
Paris. Here he published a geometry (1826). In 1830 
he Ix'came one of th(^ four assistants of the order of 
Christian brothers, and was instrumental in found- 
ing the first evening schools, to the gratification of 
Guizot. In 1838 he became supervisor-general. His 
text-books found place iu all the schools of the order. 



1874] 



America 



180 




WILBUR FISK (American 1793-1839) after gradu- 
ation from Brown university in 1815 was licensed in 
1818 to preach, and in 1825 was made principal of the 
seminary at Wilbraham, Mass., just removed from 
Newmarket, N. H. He began with 7 students, but 
during the five years he was in charge there were 
1150 different persons in attendance. In 1830 he was 
elected first president of Weslevan university, which 
hud purchased the buildings erected for Capt. Part- 
ridge's military academy at Middletown, Conn., and 
the college opened Sept. 21, 1831. He remained pres- 
ident till his death, refusing manv positions off'ered, 
among them that of bishop in the^Methodist church. 
All through his life he had been in feeble health, but 
he worked hard to the last. In 1831 he took an active 
part in the controversy on the use of the Bible as a 
text-book, j^e has been called the originator of co- 
educational academies. 




LOWELL MASON (American, 1792-1872) taught 
music in (Georgia for 15 years, but in 1827 came back 
to Massachusetts and was so successful in class work 
as to arouse new interest in musical instruction. 
Through W. C. Woodbridge he became a convert to 
Pestalozzian methods. He began teaching the pub- 
lic school children on Wednesday and Saturday after- 
noons, and to give concerts. Vocal music was in- 
troduced into some influential private schools, and 
afterward into the public schools of Boston In 1837 
he visited Europe to examine the systems there 
taught. From 1834 to 1852 the Academy of Music 
gave annual institutes for instruction in Pestalozzian 
methods of teaching music. Horace Mann said it 
was worth any young teacher's while to walk ten 
miles to hear a lecture of Dr. Mason. His published 
works were many, and his hymns are sung every Sun- 
day throughout the land. 



140 



Amkimca 



[1792 




THADDEUS STEVEXS (Amorican, 1792-1868) is 
couiilcd ainoiij,' ('(Incatioiinl leaders bocuuso in 1835 
111- saved from reiieal the law under which in 1834 l)r. 
Burrowes had organized the Pennsylvania school sys- 
tem. He was born on a farm in Vermont, and worlved 
Iiis way throu;ili Dartmouth college by cobblinji and 
teai-hiiiL;. Upon gradiiatingin 1814 he" went to Penn- 
sylvania, to teach, soon becoming a lawyer, and a 
member of the lejjiislature. The school-bill of 1834 was 
so unpopular that he barely escaped defeat for re- 
election because ho had advocated it, and his con- 
si iiuents instructed him to oppose it. He defied their 
iMsti-iii-iionsaml m.ade in itsfavorthe greatest speech 
of hi-, iile. He was nifMuber of Congress 1849-1853, and 
is,v,i-isi;,s. and durinuthe war was the recognized re- 
publii.'au leader. When 72 years old he wrote that in 
reviewinu' all the work he had done, he felt the most 
pride in his dercncc of tin' free-school system. 




Mils. \LMIUA LINCOLN I'HELPS (American, 1793- 

1884). a younLii'r sistero! Mrs. Knuiia W'illard, became 
at 16 a district school teacher, and after teaching in 
acadeuiii.'sat Pittsfield, Mass., and Herlin, Couii., took 
charge of the public school in New Britain. She had 
for some time a private school: at Berlin, and then 
became principal of an academy at Sandy Hill, N. Y. 
In 1817 she married, but after her husband's death in 
1823 was for 8 years a teacher in her sister's school at 
Troy. Here her " Lectures on Botany " (1828) grew 
out of lier cl.ass work: 11 was followed by her with 
like books on geology (1834), chemistry (1835). and 
l)hvsics (183()). In 1833 she i)ublished "The Femnh; 
Student ". or " 'I'lie Fireside Kriend ". In 1831 she 
nuirried .lohn Phelps, in 1838 she became principal of 
a school at Westchester, Pa., and in 1841 of Patapsco 
institute at lOllicotfs Mills, Md. In 1856 she witli- 
drew, to devote herself to literarv work. 



Stevens, C'oLHrKN, Thayer 



141 




WAKUKN COLBUUN (Americau, 179;}-18;33), iiiaui- 
fested expertness in aritlimetic at an early age, and 
after g-raduation irom Harvard 1 n l8ao opened a se- 
lect scliool in Boston. In 1821 lie published liis " First 
Lessons in Intellectual Arithmetic," hased on the 
principles of Pestalozzl, whicli received higher en- 
comiums than any other text-boolc ever published in 
this country, and soon came Into almost universal 
use, 50,000 copies being sold annually in Greu, Brit- 
ain, and twice as many in America. In 1823 he with- 
drew Irom school to become superintendent of a 
manufacturing business, but lectured on scientific 
subjects, and published a "Sequel" to his "First 
Lessons," and an " Algebra." But his fame rests on 
the "First Lessons." Thomas Sherwin said : "I re- 
gard Mr. ("olburn as the great benefactor of his age, 
with respect to the proper development of the math- 
ematical powers." 




GIDEON F. THAYER (1793-1863) became a le:ielier 
in 1814 and iu spite of ill-health secured credit to 
purchase a site and erect on a scale of liberality 
hitherto unknown, his Chauncy hall school, still the 
most noted private school in America. His confidence 
and energy secured success from the fir.st. and when 
he retired from the principalship in 1855 he left a 
flourishing school to his successor. He was a pronii- 
nentfounderof the American institute of iustntetion 
and of the Massachusetts State feacliei->' :iss,„-i,i(ion 
was one of the editors of the 3Ia-';s<ir/nisf/fs iVncher 
for 1848, and contributed to Barnard s .Journal of 
Education "Letters to a Young Teacher". Of his 
address on "Connection of courtesy with school in- 
struction " more than 50,000copies were circulatefl by 
Henry Barnard. While a niiMnber of the Boston 
common council he was one of the originators of the 
movement to establish the public library. 



142 



Scotland 



[1798 




DAVII) STOW (Si-n1i'li. ir93-l«t)4) w;is m, Glasgow 
l_)ii>>iiii'>s-iii:iii iiuicli iiil('i'('sU'd ill poor <;liildi'('ii. t\>r 
A\hoiii ill \XW 111' ostuljlislii'du Siuuhiv m'cuinu school. 
lie Icarufd of tlio worl< of IJell, Liiucnstfr, Pesla- 
lozzi, and Wildcrspin, and founded the Glasgow edu- 
cational society, which in 1824 established a week- 
day iL'ainiuf; school. In 1827 this had developed into 
the first normal school in Great Britain, and in 3836 
it was transferred to larjicr quarters. In 1841 the 
Koveriuiient ^rant was increased to $25,000 on condi- 
tion tliat the school should be turned over to tin? 
church of Scotland, which was done. Wlien in 184.5 
disruption occurred in the church, Stow and the en- 
tire school sided with Chalmers and withdrew to 
what was called the Free cliurch normal college, 
where lie remained till death. His •■Training Sys- 
tem" passed through nine editions. A memoir by 
^V. Fraser was published in 1868. 



1865] 



America 



14^ 



EDWARD ETERETT (American, 1V94-1865) after 
graduatiou from Harvard at 20 became pastor of a laro-e 
Boston church, and in 18U was elected professor of 
Greelc at Harvard. After five vears iu Kurope for 
preparation, he entered upon this wovk and at the 
same time became editor of tlie JVorth American, 
Jieview. He gave in Boston the first purely liter- 
ary lectures delivered iu America. From 1824-34 he 
was a member of congress. From 1835-39 he was gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts, and aided iu establishing the 
board of education. From 1841-4.5 he was minister to 
l^ngland, and from 1846-49 was president of Harvard 
resigning through ill-hc^allh. In 1852, he succeeded 
Darnel U ebster as secretary of state, and in 1853 en- 
tered the U. S. senate, resigning in 1854 on account of 
lU-health. The rest of his life was given to lectures 
and orations. In 1840 he published "Importance of 
Practical ]{;ducation and Useful Knowledge". 




WALTER ROGERS JOHNSON (American, 1794-1852) 
after graduation from Grotoa academv and Harvard 
college taught in Framingham and Salem, and be- 
came principal of Germantown academy, near Phila- 
delphia. He undertook the cause of educational 
reform in Pennsylvania, publishingin the Harrisburg 
Conmionwealth a series of 13 essays on education 
followed in 1823 by 6 others in iha Journal of the 
Franklin Institute. In 1825 he published a pamphlet 
advocating normal schools. The school law of 1834 
was largely due to his efforts. From 1826 to 1836 he 
was principal of the high school of the Franklin In- 
stitute, where he taught Greek as a living language. 
He was also active in the scientific work of the InsU- 
tute. From 1839 to ;843 he was professor in Pennsvl- 
vania college, and he conducted several scienti'ic 
investigations for the government, especially one in 
relation to the use of coal. 



144 



America 



[1704 




ELIAS CORNELIUS (Ain«'i-i.-:ni, 1794-1832) after 
<Ji-n:liuili(in Ir.Mii V:ili- in ISlo spfiit sonu' time ul, 
Lilchlii'ld ^\illl l.,\iii;iii lii'CrhiT. was licensed tii 
])i-c;ii-h ill lyit), aii<l' bccanic a missionary amoiif; tlic 
smilliwcsteru Indians. In 1819 he became pastor in 
Salem, and in IH-.'C) secretary of the American Kdiu-a- 
tion Society, founded in 18i6 to educate youns men 
lor the ministry. His work was largely a"s solicitinsr 
agent, and lie was reinarkaldy successful, owing to 
his earnest belief in ilie c.-uise', and his cheerful and 
courteous zeal. He believed in ample training fort lie 
ministry, and he investigated closely the character 
and purposes of the young men assisted. He founded 
the American Quarterly Register, at first devoted to 
the interests of the Society. In 1833 he became secre- 
tary of the American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions, liut died Feb. 12. His memoir by 
B. B. Edwards was published in 1834. 




-^HAKVEY PRINDLE PEET (American, 1794-1873) 
after graduation from Yale became in 1822 an in- 
stiuctor in the American asylum for the deaf and 
dumb at Hartford, and in 1831 became principal of 
the New York institution for the deaf and dumb, 
which grew to be the largest in America. When he re- 
signed in 1867 the institution had educated nearly 2,000 
deaf mutes, and his son succeeded him as principal. 
H<' began in 1844 the publication of a course of text- 
books for the deaf and dumb, and he wrote many his- 
torical and other papers on the subject. In that year 
Horace iMann urged the teaching of articulationand 
lip-reading, already used in German institutions, but 
the New Vork aiid Hartford institutions decided 
against it. In 1868, at a meeting of American princi- 
pals, it was however unanimously adopted for such 
upils as are able to profit by it, and is now used ne.irly 
everywhere, either aloue iii eounectiou with sigus. 



1873] 



A^IERICA 



145 




JAMES G. CARTER (Anierlcan, 1795-18-19) after 
<_'r;Mliiation from Harvard opened a private school iu 
I,.iiic.isti>r. Ill 1821 he began to publish newspaper 
li'tti'i-s in behalf of popular education, which iu 1824 
were issued in a pamphlet, "Letters to the Hon. 
William Prescott, LL.D."' In these he deprecated 
the supplanting of free high schools by academies 
and the employment of unti-ained teachers, and ad- 
vocated the introduction dnto the curriculum of in- 
ductive logic. A similar series of letters was pub- 
lished in 1826 under the title. '• Essays upon Popular 
lOliir.ition". In these he developed a plan forateach- 
iis' si'ininary or normal school, and in 1827 he pre- 
sented a memorial to the legislature for such an in- 
stitution. It failed by one vote, and he started a 
private normal school in Lancaster, but was obliged 
to relinquish it on account of opposition. From 1835 
to 1839 he was a member of the legislature. 



146 



America 



[1795 




EBENEZEU BAILEY (Amerioim, 1795-1839), ouu of 
1 lie piiinijers ill giving woniiin an opportnnity for u 
liiuiii'i' (mIiiciiI ion. after firaduation from Yale in 1817 
b(!cam(! a tutor in a Virginia family, and after a year 
o|)('iied a scliool for girls in Newburyport, Mass. In 
1823 he became master of the Franklin grammar 
school. Boston, and in 1825 first principal of the girls 
liigh school. In 1827 he opened a private school for 
girls, whicli from the first enjoyed a high rei)utation. 
The eqiilpmont and course of instruction were far 
above thos(! usually employed, and his graduates 
were eagerly sought for teachers. In 1830 he was one 
of the committee to organize the American Institute 
of Instruction. He published "The Young Ladies 
Class-liook " (1831), " Hakewell's Philosophical Con- 
versations" (1832), and " Bailey's Algebra" (1833), for 
many years a popular text-book for beginners. The 
j^anic of 1837 forced him to give up his school. 




WILLIAM IJESTLEY FOM'LE (American, 1795-1865), 
publisher of th(^ Comuion School Journal, at 15 be- 
came a clerk in the Boston bookstore of Caleb Bing- 
ham. In 1821 he was elected a member of the primary 
school committee wliich established the first inter- 
mediate s(diool, and adopted the Lancasterian plan 
of instruction. >Ir. Tweed-Dale of Albany wlio h.-id 
been put in cliarge being unable to remain, Mr. l''owle 
took liis i>lace. In 1823 he opened the T'emale iiioiii- 
tori:il si-hool, which he conducted until in 18-10oblige(l 
by ill-lie;ilth to resign. In 1842he becamethe i)ublish- 
ei- ;ind after 1848 was the proprietor of The i'oiniiion. 
Scliool JoKnial, until its discontinuance in 1852, when 
lie once more openeil a private school. His " Ti'acli-. 
it's Institutt!" grew out of his experience as a con- 
iluctor, and he published two spellers. He was among 
tlir lirst to admit girls, to use blackboards, and to 
trai'li :ill subjects ill tlie silllie room. 



1S60] 



Bailey, Fowle, Peabody 



147 




GEORGE PEABODY (AmeruMn, 1795-1869), the 
liliilaiitliropist. became at 11 a clerk in a country store 
iu Massachusetts. In 1811 he went to Georgetown, L). 
('.. as clerk for an uncle, and in 1813 became a part- 
ner in a dry-Koods business, removed in 181.T to Halli- 
niore. In 18-27 he visited London, and becam.' a 
wealthy banker. In 1851 he contributed $15,000 to 
provide for a display of American exhibits at the 
Great Exhibition, and in 1852 fitted out a ship for Dr. 
Kane"s Arctic exploration, wlience comes the name 
•■ F'e.abody land" in the refjion visited. In the same 
year he gave $20,000, after\\ards increased to $250,000, 
to his native town, Danvers, Mass., for the Peabody 
Institute. Other gifts were a million to the Peabody 
Institute, Baltimore. S'^ million to the laboring ])oo'r 
of London, and 3i4 millions to education in tiie south, 
besides many gifts to colleges and various cliarities, 
so that his name is familiar all over the couutrw 



148 



England 



[179/ 




WILLIAM WHEWELL (English, 1795-1860 . was a 
prize man in mathematics at Cambridge, and became 
a fellow and tutor at Trinity. From 18^-33 he was 
professor of miiioralos'yatCambridg-e, andjfrom 1838- 
55, professor lit moral tlu'oloj;-y. In 1811 he was ap- 
pointed master uf Trimly, and in 1855 vice-chancellor 
of the University of Cambridge. He was such a vol- 
uminous writer and on subjects so diverse, that It 
was said of him tliat "knowledge was his forte, 
omniscience his foible". The anecdote is told that 
students who wanted to detect Ignorance on at least 
one subject, worked up from old reviews a knowledge 
of Chinese music, and introduced It as a casual topic 
of conversation. When they had exliaustcd tliem- 
selves he remarked, " I was imperfectl>- and to some 
extent Incorrectly informed when I wrote tlie arti- 
cles from which you liave dra^rn your Information." 
But his knowledge was profound as well as various. 




SIR KOAVLAND HILL (E'n-Iish, 179.5-18,9) tan-IU in 
his fiithci's i.i-ivntrs.'hool. and developed at lla/.clloii 
the r.-iiinius lbi/.rl\v(M,a system, the .-hK't points ol 
w hieh wei-i' (1) seir-^ioverninent and niutuul respoii- 
siliiHlv (•:) fixed stiiiuliirds of merit instead ol coni- 
,„.|ition. :i,nd (3) natund penalties instead of arbi- 
trary nunisliments. In l«:i: he and liis bnitlier 
Mut'tliew hniuiilit out " Fnblic Ediu-ation lor tlie 
oovenuuenl. and liberal instruetiou of boys iii Iju-p' 
nuiiibers. as praetised in the llazel\yood .sehc.ol. a, 
boek in \yhic!i tlie system was made known. t was 
nolic<-d at lensith in tlie KiHnbnnjh Nenen: was trans- 
la,1,.d into seyeral for.M-n lansiia-es. am l.i-oui-h 1. 
yisilors from all oyer Fairope. Jeremy lientliam fad 
the Ixiok sent for him. and became his warm Irieiid. 
Me wa,s 'the aiillior of penny-postajic ado|ite,l in 
is40 and beeanie se.nvlary to the post-olliee. lie was 
kniiihtod in 18(iO. 



1S70] 



\\"iiE\vELL. Hill, Arnold, Hakpei; 



14* 





THOMAS ARNOLD (English, 1795-1842) became dur- — 
ing the last fouiteen years of his life tlie most famous 
of modern sclioolmasters. Aftei' graduation from 
Winchester and Oxford, and some private teaching, 
he was in 1838 elected master of Rugbj School One 
of his testimonials predicted : " If Mr. Arnolo is elect- 
ed, he will change the face of education all through 
the public sciiools of England"— and he did it. His 
success was due to his earnest endeavor to apply 
the principles of Christianity to life in the school 
as well as out of it. The amiability of his heart, the 
justice of his dealings, the transparent honesty of 
his character, made him at once loved and feared. 
The feeling grew up that it was disgraceful to tell a 
lie to a man who trusted boys as lie did. In expelling 
some boys, he said : " It is not necessary that this be a 
school of 300, of 100, or even of 50 boys : it is necessary 
that it should be a school of Christian gentlemen, "t 




JAMKS HAKPEU (Scotch. 1795-1875) bccMiiic ;il Ir.'M, 
studi'iil in Ihi' University of Ohisjiow, ;uul in isi:f in 
the University of Edinburgh. He slndied tlieohi^v 
at Selkirk iuul in 1818 was lii-eused to pi-eucli. In 
1826 he became editor of the Edinburgh Theoloiiirdl 
Marjazine. and in 1831-2 was a warm advocate of tlie 
Reform bill. In 1845 he became professor of syste- 
matic theology of the United Presbyterian HaH, and 
became in ISrio editor of its Maguziiie.. He helped 
originate the movement against theolouical tests I'or 
lay professorships iu the universities, resulting in 
tli'eir abolishment in 1853. He wiis identified from 
the Hrst with The Xatioual Education Association of 
Sootlar.d, advocating pureiy secular Instruction and 
control, which finally prevailed iu the law of 1872. 
When thCwUnited Presbyterian college was recon 
structed he became in 1876 the first principal. His 
special strength was iu the depnrt meut of homiletics. 



150 



Amioimca 



[iTun 




HOHACK .■HA.>N (AiiHTican, l70ti-lS50). was tlio most 
emiiu'Ui iinU .successful pi'oiiKJtcr ui popular educa- 
tion or Ills iluif. As lawyer, statesman, and pliilan- 
tliropist he had achieved considei-ai)le reputation, 
when in 1837 he became secretary of the newly-es- 
tahllshed Board of Education of IMassacinisetts. He 
held tills position for 13 years, wurkim;- lo imurs a 
day. ne made use mainly of three uut'ncies: (i) a 
series of teachers' Institutes; (2) a niondily cinnnioii 
ScJiool JouDutl, and (3) a wide circulation of his An- 
nual School Reports to the Board ot Education, which 
still rank as amonar the best of ediicatinnal litera- 
ture. In 184.3, lie visited Europe, and liiscmnparisons 
in his rth Keport li-d tea heatedconiniversy with the 
masters of the r.ostdu schools. In ists lie resig-nedto 
become V. S. Senator, and in 1854 he became presi- 
dent of Autiocli College, where he remained till his 



1875] 



America, England 



151 




I-KANCIS WATLANI* (American, 1796-1865) after 
gi-acluatlou iroiii I'liion beg-an i)raetice as a physi- 
cian. Becoming- converted, lie entered tlie univer- 
sity, but after five years of preacliiug in Boston 
became professor of matliematics at Union, where 
he had previously served four years as tutor. Al- 
most immediately he -.vas elected president of Brown 
University, where he remained from 1827 to his res- 
Ijjnat ion iu 1855. He proved to be one of the half- 
di>/.i'n urrat colleo-e presidents of the generation, 
('st.ii)ilsliingnrm discipline, and proving himself an 
ii.srrnciiir of remarkable power. A justice of the 
JMassai-huscrts Supreme Court, himself a Brown 
gradual 1', sjid Of a witness In a certain trial: "I 
should liavi' suspected that that man was one of Dr. 
Wayland's students fi'om the way in which he dls- 
criminntcd between character and reputation, two 
words ofteu coufoundsfi." 



^- »^. 




SIK CH.VKLES LYELL (Faislish, 1797-1875), the first 
^icolosist of liis century, after graduation from Ox- 
ford in 1819 and 1831 began the study of hiw, but gave 
it up for geology. In 1823 he was elected secretary of 
the Geological society, and his flrstorigiiial paper was 
read t)efore it in 1824. In 1827 he contributed to the 
(htartfi-hj -Review an article describing the part that 
scienlilic societies are to plav iu provincial education. 
His '■ Principles of Geology ■' appeared 1830-38. and 
gave the death-blow to the catastrophic school of ge- 
ologists, showing a progressive state of existence on 
the globe. In 1831 he was made professor of geology 
in Kings college, London, and he gave lectures at the 
Royal institution in 1832. In 1835, 1836, 1849. and 18r;0 
he was president of the Geological society, and in 1838 
published his " Elements of Geology ". He visited 
the United States in 1841 and 1845 and delivered a 
series of lectures before the Lowell institute, 



15: 



Amkrica 



[170 




MARY LYON (American. 1797-1849) had been a 
teacher for 20 years, when she attended Joseph Em- 
erson's scliool at Byfleld, and was impressed by his 
views of the higher education of women. She taught 
in the academy at Derry, N. H., and from 1828 to 1834 
was principal of the academy at Ipswich. Mass. She 
resigned to establish the Mount Holyoke Female Sem- 
inary, to fit women for teaching by giving them ad- 
vantages corresponding with thbse'offered in colleges 
for men. She opened it in 1837, and presided over it 
till her death. A distinguishing feature was to have 
all the domestic labor performed by the pupils and 
teachers, thus reducing the expense and giving the 
young women exercise and practice in household 
work. This plan with some modifications is still pur- 
sued there, and was adopted at Wellesley college 
when it opened. In 1888 Mount Holyoke became a 
college. 




«;KOKfiK K. KMERSON (Amoru .Ul, 1797-1881), oue of 
lUc most iiiliueutlalti'achers ol MassacmiseLls, began 
in a distrii-i scliuol when 17 years old, and withat'cw 
iu l8o5, after liavlii.u- been for 25 years princii)al of a 
private srhuol tor i^irls iu Boston. He served on the 
state I'.oai'd of Eduration, was anioni;- tlie founders of 
thtT Aiueriran Institute of Instruction, and aided 
U'arreu t'oli)urii in liriugln^ out his "Intellectual 
Aritiunetic." He wrote iu 1S4;^ the second part of 
" Tlie School and the Schoolmaster," placed by James 
\\;ids\vorth and Mr. Brimmer resp(^ctively in every 
put ilic school of New York and Massachusetts. l\Ir. 
lOnierson's main efforts at reform in education were 
toward t he abolishirient of corporal punishment, and 
the extension of tlie education of women. Some of 
Ills experiences were gathered by liitu into a volume 
called " Kemlniscences of an Old Teacher " (1878). In 
his later years he aid much botanical Investigation. 



ISSl] 



Lyon. P]Mf:Ksox, ^\\\. Antiiox 



153 




SAMUEL JOSEPH MA V (Aiiifric:ui. 1797-1871), ;i. iv- 
liii'Micr iucilui-aiiciM :iiid in luiii slavery, after firadiui- 
lioii Iroiii llarvMnl in 1«17 becmne in 1822 a Unitarian 
'•Ici'^yuian. In 1832 lie was a member of the first New 
i;ni;land anti-slavery society, and was the champion 
ol' I'rudence Crandall when she was perse<-uted for 
adinittinK colored i^irls to her school in Canterburv, 
( 'onn. In is:tt he became general asent of the ^lassa- 
cliiisi-tts anli-slavcry society. In 1842 he beca,rao 
principal of the State uorma,l school at Lexington, 
.Mass. In 1845 he becjime pastor of the church at Syra- 
cuse. X. Y., where iu 1830 lie had been mobbed 'and 
burned in cttij,'y. Here he remained until in 1867 he 
became missionary in central Xew York for the 
.American missioiiarv association. He published 
■• lOducation of the Faculties"' (1846). '-Revival of 
I'.ducalion" (185.5). and '• Recollections of the Auti- 
.shivery Coullict" (186y.) 




CHARLES ANTHOX (American. 1797-1867), after 
t;raduation in 1815 from t'olumljia was from 1820 to 
1830 adjunct professor, from 1830 to 18.57 professor 
of Greek ;ind Latin, and from 18.57 to his deiith .l;iy 
professor of Greek, completing' a continuous service 
in the eoUese of nearly half a century. From 18:iO 
to 1864 he was also rector of the grammar school. 
To the educational world at large, however, he is best 
known as ail author of Latin text-books. In 1830 he 
|)ublished an edition of Horace, followed by some 
fifty classical books, mostly texts withaiinotafions si> 
superabundant that they were more pojjular with 
l:i7.y pupils than with careful teachers, but had large 
sale both here.-ind in Rngland. As the notes were up- 
on the same page with the te.xt and gave parajTfirases 
of much of the text, a quick-witted pupil could often 
enter a class without preparation, and recite with a]i- 
parent credit, 



154 



America 



[1797 




DASIEL DEWEY BAKN'AllD (Aiiifrican, 1797-1861) 
was iiiiulc a clerk in the eounty clerk's office at Can- 
aii.hiP'ua, K. Y.,Ht 13 years of age, was graduated 
from Williams in 1818. sind began practice as a law- 
yer in Rochester in 1834. In 1826 he was made dis- 
trict i>ttornev. and in 1827 was elected to congress, Us 
\ (nin"est member. He opposed the auti-mason party, 
;,uil was counsel for the defence in several of the 
■■.M,u-an trials'". In 1832 he removed to Albany-, 
a lid from 1839 to 1845 was once more in congress. He 
was alwavs interested in education, and in the legis- 
lature of "1838 presented the report on colleges, acad- 
emies, and common schools upon religious exercises; 
and upon the subject and system of public instruc- 
tion the latter in connection with the new U. b. ae- 
Dosit fund. In this he pointed out the need of su- 
perior teachers, and recommended the extension of 
the regents svstera of training classes. 




JOHN ADAMS DIX (American 1798-1879) became 
ill I«i3 the youngest officer in the U. S. army, but 
relived in 1826, and was admitted to the bar in 1828. 
Ill 1833 he became secretary of state for New York, 
and was for six years ex-officio superintendent of 
public instruction. He secured the establishment of 
training classes for teachers and school district 
libraries, and in 1837 published "Decisions of the 
Superintendent ,)f Common Schools ", a volume of 
487 pages that has been the foundation of all works 
on scliool law since published. In 1845 he became 
senator in C'ongress, in 1853 assistant treasurer of 
the U. S., and in 18.'i9 postmaster of New York city. 
Ill 1860 he was appointed secretary of the treasury, 
and gave the famous order. '" If any one attempts to 
liMul down thC' America n llai;. shoothim on the spot." 
In 1S(U he became majdr-geiieral; in 1866 minister to 
Paris, and in 1872 goveniur vt New \"ork. 



1S79] 



Fkaxck 



15.-) 




JEAN MARIK CONSTANT DlHAMEIi (1< nncli. 175)7- 
1872). the matlii'iniilii-iaii. was educated in the P<ily- 
teclniic school in Paris, and became teacher of math- 
iMiiiitirs tliere. He proved so successful both as an 
iii\e-,ii-ator and as a teacher that in 1831 he was 
madf lu-ofessor of liifi-her mathematics in the Uni- 
versity of Paris, where he remained until his death. 
In 1840 he bec;ime a member of the Institute. He 
was tlie author of many works on mathematics, ana- 
lytical mechanics, and the theory of heat. Amonir 
his best known books are " Coiiirs d'Analvsis del" 
Ecole Polytechnique" (1840, 1841). '■ Cours de Me- 
chanique " (3d ed. 1863), " Klements :lu Calcul Intini- 
tesimal" (3d ed. 1874). and ■' Des Methodes dans les 
Sciences de Raissounement '" (1866-72). All of these 
havi! been widely used both in France and abroad, 
and valued for clear statement as well as soundness: 
for he could demonstrate as well as investieate. 




.TITLES JIICHLET (French. 1798-1871) was sent by 
liis i)overty-stvick(.'n parents to college, and upoii 
graduation began to teach in the public .scliools. ris- 
in!i rapidly till ho became professor in the Collejii' 
de France. Hi" lost his place by refusing to take the 
oath of allegiance to Louis Napoleon. In 1827 lie 
[uiblisbed his first book, an outline of modern his- 
tory. This was followed b.V more tlian 50 other 
volumes, growing out of his work as a teacher. He 
used to say the first principle of politics is educa- 
tion, the second principle is education, the third, 
[irinciple is education. lie said that for 'I'hierry his- 
tory was a narrative, for Gui'/ot an analysis, for hini- 
si'lf aresurrectioii. "• His i>a,ges are ])acked with first- 
iiand inronuation, and they ulow with the fires of 
his love for his country as the sufferer, the teacher, 
and the prophet of the whole human raci'." He wrote 
other popular books— on natural histor.v', etc. 



1 5() 



Amekka 



[170S 




WILLIAM RUSSELL (Scotch, 1798-1873), after -rad- 
ualioii from the university, on account of Iuuk trouble 
came to America as a tutor in a Georgia family. He 
married a Connecticut woman, and moved to New 
Haven, teaching for a time in the Hopl<ins grammar 
school. He beu-an to teach elocution iu Harvard, 
Andover. and the Chauncy hall school and in 1826 be- 
came editor of the American Journal of Education, 
the lirst educational journal published' in Knglish. 
'I'liis liiljor in addition to his tenchinii was so burden- 
iim lli.it after three years he relin(iuished it. In 1849 
lie established a normal school in New Hampshire, 
which he moved in 1853 to Lancaster, Mass. The 
State normal schools had made a private school no 
longer necessary, and it failed, compelling him to go 
back to his old work as instructor in institutes. He was 
the author of a '' Manual of Mutual Instruction'"(1826), 
and "Suggestions on Teachers' Institutes" (1848). 




CHARLKS DAVIES (American, 1798-1876),the mathe- 
niatir;il ie\l-b(>ok author, after trradiiation from 
West I'oint in 181o, in 1816 becMine .■! ss-ist;i nt profes- 
sor of mathematics tliere, and in IS'J:! iiV'^fessor. He 
ri'si^iied in 1837 on account of civer^N i.irk upon his 
text-books and visited Europe. On his return he 
was i)rol'essor in Trinity college 1839-41, but once 
more wa,s comijelled by ill-health to resign, and was 
made piiymasler in the army. He was treasurer iit 
West Point till ISIR, when he became protessoi- of 
iiiatliemntics in New York university. He retired in 
1847 to give all his atteiil ion to his mathematical text- 
books. .\fter te:iehiiig ill the .Vlbanv normal 1855-57. 
he became in lK.i7 professor and in 1865emeritus i)ro- 
lessor of liinher muthemalics in Columbia. Ilistext- 
books (lS3r-(i;) ranued over the entire field of mathe- 
matics, iiH'luding a " M.-ithemalical Dictionary'" 
(185,5). His last work was ■ The .Metric System "' (18ni), 



Russell, Davirs, the Alcotts 



157 




^.,vn!5;^^^'^'^ ^- -^I^^^OTT (Amei-icnn. 1798-1859) was a 
..nmei- s s,)u, »,„1 when 18 tauglit, his dislricl, school 
tor the wun..r at fu dollars a month and board hin,- 
If taught for six winters, and in 18:22 got a 
school tor the entire year, at $100 and board around 
His experiences are given in his "Confessions of .-i 
Schoolmaster. ' He continued to teach, but in 18^4 
began to st^udy medicine, and in 1826 got license to 
practise He continued to teach occasional! v how- 
ever introducing many novel ideas, and was 'active 
ou the school committee, established a librarv ana 
w o^,^°°5'v,'^-7' ^9^ t^« Pi'-^ss. In 1830 he joined 
r^lo.u ??'^^i"'^^''i ?'^ starting a Fellenbery scliool 
.itt n^^^w "'"^K^-'J'^ "•' ^^^?- ^'^ "■''""^ to Boston to as- 
sist Dr Uoodbridge m editing the Annals of Educa- 
tion,a\nTge monthly journal. Here he became a 
voluminous author, especially of medical and Sun- 
day school books. 




AMOS BRONSOX ALCOTT (American 1799-1888) -i 
P'-ripatetic philosopher, was sent south asabov'lo 
peddle m \ irginia. He went among the plantations 
welcome as a visitor but making no sales. In 1823 hi' 
started an infant school, and in 1838 another in Bos- 
ton, the peculiar methods in which are described in 
Lhy.abeth I'eabody's "Record of a School" (18S4 
1873). It was not successful, and he removed to Con- 
cord, where he became cne of the most picturesuue 
tigiires in the Concord school of transcendentalis'ts' 
He was especially noted for his " conversations "' 
which he delivered on a wide range of speculative and 
practical .themes in the principal cities of the coun- 
try. Among his books are " Conversations with Chil- 
dren on the Gospels " (1836), " Tablets "(1868) " Con- 
cord Days " (1872), " Table Talk " (1877)! " New Con- 
necticut " (1881\ "Sonnets and Canzonets" ^S8''^ 
" Ralph Waldo ICmerson " (1882). '' 



158 



Amkuica 



[1799 




SAMUEL LEWIS rVmerioan, 1799-1854) • after a 
youth (if iKivcrty iuid hiird work was admitti'd to the 
bar ill 1822, was licensed as a local preacher in 1824. 
and in 1837 was elected superinteudeut of coininou 
schools for the State of Ohio. He travelled 1200 miles 
on horseback, he found half the districts witliout 
schoolhouses, and he recommended to the legislature 
a state fund, supervision, a school journal, etc. The 
school law of 1838 was practically his, and in that 
year he issued The Conwnon School Director, visited 
65 counties, delivered addresses, studied the schools, 
and particularly begged for central high schools. In 
1839 he recommended a State normal school. That 
winter the legislature united the office of superin- 
tendent to that of secretary of state, and though he 
was urged to be a candidate for the latter office he 
declined. He was from its foundation president of 
the Cincinnati school board. " 




GEORWE BA>'(;R0FT (American. 1800-1891) lliough 
his faiiH' is MS :m historian had much lo do with edu- 
cation ill liis I'urliiT years. After graduation from 
Harvard in 1817 and from Gottingeu in 1820 he became 
in 1822 teacher of Greek at Har\ar<l, and in 1823 
joined Joseph G. Cogswell, afterward superintendent 
of the Astor library, in opening in Northampton, 
Mass., the Round Hill school for boys, something on 
tin; plan of Rugby and Eton. It did not receive boys 
more than 12 years old, made English .first in impor- 
tance, provided ntitive teachers in French, Spanish, 
German, and Italian, and taught inductively so far as 
possible. A pupil of Jahn taught gymnastics. A 
uniform was required of blue broadolo'th with brtiss 
liiittous. When Mr. Bancroft retired in 1831, the 
school had numbered 290 pupils, among Iheni many 
w ho had hecome famous. Hut it did not i)ro: per liii.-iu- 
rially and he gave it up for literary work. 



ANOTHKR I 'OKI' K A IT 



1891] 



T.Euis. Bancroft, Benedict, Woolwokth 



150 




ERASTUS CORNELIUS BENEDICT (American, 
1800-188U), 13tli chuncellor of tlie Uuiversity of Die 
State of New York, after graduatiou from \Villiaiiis 
in 1821 was principal of academies atJamestow n and 
Newburgh, N. Y., aud for a year a tutor at \Villiaiii>. 
He was admitted to the bar in 1824, aud w:is deimi \ 
cleric of the U. S. district court, 1M7-9. He becauic 
the leading lawyer of New York in aduiiralt v cu.m's. 
and his •' American Admiralty, its Jurisdiction and 
Practice " (1850) was recognized as the standard an 
thority. In 1848 and in 1864 he was elected to the as- 
sembly, and in 1872 to the senate. He was a member 
of the New York board of education 1350-63, and its 
first president. In 1855 he bec^ame a regent of tln' 
University of the State of New York, in 1872 vice- 
chancellor, and in 1878 chancellor. He published ■■ A 
Run through Europe" (1860), and '"The llvniii nC 
Hidelliert" (1869). 




SAMUEL BUELL WOOLM'ORTH (American, 1800- 
1880), 9th secretary of the board of regents, aft(!r grad- 
uation from namllton in 1822 taught for two years in 
Mouson, Mass., where Henry Barnard was his pupil. 
He was principal of the Onondaga academy, N. Y., 
1824-30, of.the Cortland academy. Homer, 1830-51, and 
of the Albany normal 18.52-6. In 1856 he su(!ceeded 
Dr. Beck as secretary of the Regents of the University. 
Under his administration the apportionment of tin' 
Literature fund was made dependent upon the number 
of pupils who had passed examinations in tlie funda- 
mental branches, which showed them iiuali lied to take 
up advanced subjects. Thus began the system of Re- 
gents e.xaminations, which is the most extensive ever 
i nstituted. He was also a mover I u the establish ment ot 
the University Convocation. He was one of the founds 
ers of the State teachers association, and in 1847 pres- 
ident. He was 40 vears trusti-e of Hainillun college. 



160 



England, America 



[1800 




WILLIAM KLLIS (Elig-lisll, 1800-18H1) W;is well- 
kQowu as ;i philantlu'opist and writiT on I'ducation, 
but was already middle-aged wlicu iu iSKihe offered 
his services as tcaelier of social science in tlie 
scliools of tile iSrilislinnd Forei'^'n ScIkhiI Societ\-. In 
1848 lie founded t lie tirst IMrkliecIc scliool in Lin'idou, 
soon followed l)\dt hers. These seho(;ls excluded sec- 
tarian teaclilnLrintrodnccMl physiology, and abolished 
corporal ])unishn lent. Heading- was taught in connec- 
tiiMi -witli lessdiis on objeers ; Spelling- and grammar 
from! lie reading lessons ; and social economy was 
made pi-iimineni, including instruction in the means 
by which wealth is produced, the division of labor, 
and the importance of parental foresight and econ- 
omy. These schools did much to lay the foundation 
for the present system of national schools. His 
" Education as a means of pi-eventing Destitution " 
is still regarded as a standard work. 





ALONZO POTTER (American, 1800-1865) after grad- 
uation iu 1818 froin Union college, was professor 
there from 1821 to 1826 and from 1831 to 1845, when he 
was elected bishop of the Episcopal cliurch. He was 
always interested in the coiiniion .schools. He was 
the first president of the American a.>soeiation for 
the advancement of education.. and was adviser of 
the department of public instruction at .\lbany and 
of James VVadsworth in his benef.-u-tions to educa- 
tion. He wrote the first part of 'The School and 
the Schoolmaster", of which 15,000 copies were dis- 
tributed by Mr. Wadsworth among the schools of 
New ^'ork, and of which 60,000 copies were sold: and 
«Ms prominent in all school associations up toihc 
lime his health broke down from overwork. In tlic 
war of 1861 he was an active member of the sanitary 
and Christian commissions, and an advocate of 
emMiieiiiatioii. 



1889] 



America 



161 




MARSHALL COXANT (Ain<n-ican. 1801-1873), 2(1 
pi-iiK'i]);il III' tlic IJfid^'ewntei' iiormiil. was a V(n-nu)iif, 
farini'f's Ixiy, and became a carpenter, but studied in 
liis spare liours, and in 1823 endeavored to compute 
the eleni(!nts of a comet that appeared. At 23 he be- 
tran ienchin<i at $12 a montli paid in corn, and suc- 
ceeded in calculating correctly two eclipses. In 1828 
lie calculated an almanac of which 10,000 copies were 
sold, and contiiuii'd its publication for five years. In 
1829 he opened a select school in Woodstock, and in 
1834 became a tejicher in a Koston grammar school. 
In 183(5 he opened another private school, in 1839took- 
au academy at Hillsboro, III., and in 1841 at Fratn- 
iiiKham, :\Iass., and from 184.'S to 1853 was eni>a<jed in 
()iit-doorent;ineerin<j work. From 1853 to 1860 he was 
principal of the Bridgewater normal, and from 1862 
to 1872 was an otricer in the internal revenue depart- 
ment at Washington. 




THKODOUE DWKiHT WOOLSEY (American, 1801- 
1.S89). Kith presideni, of Yale, after graduation from 
Vale in 1820 studied law in New York and theologv at 
I'rinceton and was tutor at Yale 1823-25. He studied 
in Kurope 1827-30, and iu 1831 became professor of 
Greek at Yale, of which he was president 1846-71. 
.\fter his resiijnation he lectured in the law school, 
and continued his studies in political science. He- 
sides editions of four. Greek texts and his college ad- 
dresses, he published his " International Law " (1874). 
"Essay on Divorce" (1869), "The Religion of the 
Present and the Future " (1871), • Political Science' 
(1877), and "Communism and Soci.'ilism " (1879). He 
also re-edited after the author's death Lieber's " Civil 
Lilierty and Self-Government"' (1874) and "Manual 
(if Political Ethics " (1874). He was for several years 
a rejrentof the Smithsonian institution, and one of the 
conimittoe for the revision of the Xew Testament. 



162 



AmEKK'A 



[ISOl 




JOHN KINtiSBURl (American, 1801-1874) afte. 
graduatiou from Urown in 1836, established in 1828 
his "YouuK Ladies' High School", over which h6 
presided for 30 years, during which period he was 
absent from tiie school altogether only 11 weeks. 
The school was a pioneer in giving hisjher education 
to women, but was a success from the start. The 
number of pupils was never allowed to exceed 43, and 
there was always a long waiting-list of applicants. 
Altogether he had 557 of the best young women of 
Providence under his charge, many of them of a second 
generation. From 1857 to 1859 he was State commis- 
sioner of publie instruction, and devoted himself to a 
careful inspection of the schools, visiting nearly every 
district in the State. He was one of the founders of 
the American Institute of Instruction and of the 
Rhode Island Institute of Instruction. From 1853 h» 
Was the secretary of lirown university. 




SAMUEL (JRIDLEY HOWE (American, 1801-1876), 
ulter gradualiciii from IJrown university in 1821 stud- 
ied medicine, but soon sailed for Greece to take i>art 
like Lord Kyron in tlie Greek revolution, of which in 
1828 he pulilislied a history. Upon his return, be- 
••omiu'j interested in tlie education of the blind in 
the Alilie Haiiy's schools in Paris, he went there in 
1830, and afterwards to Herlin, where he was impris- 
oned for bearing gifts to the Polish revolutionists, at 
request of Gen. Lafayette. He was released in 1832, 
and came back to America to begin teaching the 
blind. His success led t'ol. Perkins to found for him 
the Institution for the lilindin Boston. In 1837 he be- 
yan (o train Laura. l!ridgm;in,adeaf. dumb, and blind 
i-liild. and his suci-ess is narrated from .\rar to year in 
hisreiiorts. In ]8f31i<' married Julia Ward, afti'rward 
llie author of the '•IJatlle Hymn of the Kei>ublic". 
llr was prominent in all philanthropic work. 



I\i.\(;snri;v. Howi:, Xortii, T.kwis 



U]?> 




SniKON NORTH (AuKTiean, 1802-1884), 5Mi presi- 
ilc'iii (if Hamilton, niter sraduation from Yale in 1825 
was a tutor there. 1827-9, and was graduated from the 
iliviniiy school in 1828. He caiue to Hamilton as 
|irol"ess'or ill 1829, in the midst of President Davis's 
1 rouble, when there were but nine students and one 
lirofossor. He remained lOyears as professor, and in 
1K:^9 became president, resignins in 1857. He was 
trustee until his death, his entire connection with 
1 lie college coverino: 55 years. He was also a trustee 
cif the Auburn theological seminary 1840-49. Amons 
his published works were ''The American System of 
Collegiate Education" (1839), " Faith in the" World's 
t'onversion" (1842), and " Anglo-Saxon Literature " 
(1847). A leading event of his administration was 
the election in 1841 of Prof. Jlandeville to the chair 
.if rhetoric, leading to the training in public speak- 
iii" for which the colleae has ever since been noted. 




TAYLER LKM'IS (American. 1802-1877), an eminent 
scliolar, alter graduation from Union in 1820 studied 
law, and practised at I''ort Miller, X. Y., where he 
becauK! absorbed in the study of Hebrew and Greek. 
In 183^ h( ibandoned law and took a classical school 
in \\ 11(1 lord. In 1837 he was made professor of 
Gifi k 111 New York university, and in 1849 professor 
ol nil II lit oriental languages at Union. In 1863, hav- 
iii_ sulKKd f(u- many years from deafness, he was 
^b 1 ki d l)\ the wounds in battle of his son and the 
1 itli u) on the field of his son-in-law, but hi.s activity 
Is 1 wiilii continued till the last. His published 
noiks iiK aided ■■ 'i'lie Nature and Ground of Pun- 
1-.111UI nt (1844). '-The Six days of Creation" (1855), 
1 hi Duine Human in the .Scriptures " (I860), and 
stite Rights, a Photograph from Ancient Greece ", 
\\liich h id wide circulation in the early days oi the 
ci\ il w 11 



164 



America 



[1802 




CALVIN ELLIS STOWE (American. 1802-1886) after 
graduation from Howdoin and A ndover, in 1830 be- 
came professor of langiuiKes in Dartmouth college 
and in 1833 professor of biblical literature in Lane 
theological seminary. In 18i50 he became divinity 
professor at Bowdoin, and in 1852 professor of sacred 
literature at Andover, where he remained till 1864. 
In 1836 ne visited Europe, and on his return published 
his '■ Report on Elementary Education in I->urope"". 
The legislature of Ohio distributed this report to every 
district in the State, and INIassachusetts, Pennsylva- 
nia, Michigan, North Carolina, and Virginia "took 
similar action. It pointed out so strongly the thor- 
oughness, completeness, and comprehensiveness of 
primary instruction in Prussia and Wurtemburg 
that the attention aroused led to great advancement 
.nou-r own schools. In I836he married Harriet Beech- 
tf, afterward author of " Uncle Tom's Cabin ". 



18X6] 



Scotland 



165 




HUGH MILLER (Scotch, 1803-1850). was among the 
most remarkable of self-taught men of genius. At 13 
he was an Incoirieible truant, and the schoolmaster 
thought he would grow up a dunce. But he liad a 
great fancy for authorship, and became a stone-nia, 
son that he might have the unemployed winter time 
for literary composition. Under the discipline ol 
labor the refractory schoolboy became a sober 
minded man. A fter his marriage he got employment 
in a bank, but after a pamphlet-letter to Lord 
Brougham in 18-39 had made him famous, he became 
an editor of The Witness, of Edinburgh, which posi- 
tion he held until his death, which occurred from a 
pistol-shot from his owh hand while crazed from 
over-work. His autobiographical "My Schools and 
Schoolmasters " ranks among the masterpieces of its 
kind in p:nglish literature, but he is best known for 
his contributions to geology. 




THOMAS GUTHIIIE (Scotch. 180:^-1873) aflcr ten 

years iif, tlie university of Kdinbursh bi.'jian ijreaoli- 
uig in 182.5, but did not secure a pastorate till 1830. 
B.\r 1837 had become reooKni/.ed as a great pulpit 
orator. He supported the disruption of 1813 and was 
henceforth associated with the Free church, in 1847 
lie published his first " Plea for Ragged Schools"— 
schools for poor children, where food, clolhing, and 
industrial training as well as schooling were given. 
One of tlie.se had been opened in London in 1841, and 
Dr. Guthrie became the aposlle of the movement. 
His first ■■ Plea" was (|nofed in newspapers every- 
where. The Eil/ii/)iir<j/i /?» r/'/r approved the move- 
ment, and $3.iiOO in siihscriiil ions soon came to him. 
Two other "Pleas" followed, uniled in " Seed-Tinie 
;uid Harvest of Ragged Schools" (1860). He wjis 
also an advocate of national and of compulsory edu- 
cation, and from 1847 of tot<il abstinence. 



166 



A (!i;ka'1' Amkricax College President 



[1S02 




MARK HOI'KIXS (AiaericiUi, 180:^-1887,), 41)1 pnvsi- 
(li'iii III' Williams cDllem.!, after graduation t'roiii Wil- 
liams in IS'.M. was a tutor there 1825-7, and in 18;.*!l 
was '^raduali'tl from the Berkshire medical sidiool. 
Jle l)ei;aii praeliee in New York, hut in 18;i() \va> 
callcil to Williams as professor of moral philosophv. 
.and in ISIW hecanie president, 'i'his oflice he held 
I ill \X7-1, when he resumed his former ciiair. lie was 
cine of tlu! few •;rcat college presidents, leaving his 
im[iress upon every young man who came there. He 
was president of tlie American Hoard of Coinmis- 
siou'Ts "f Foreign .Missions from 18.i7till his death. 
Among his books are '-Evidences of Christiauitv " 
'lS4ti, 18ti-l); •■Moral Science- (|8K): "Law of Love 
and Love ;is a. Law •■ (18R9. 1881). which led lo a con- 
ii-.iversy wiih President McCosh: •• An Outline Studs 
"f Man ■■ (I87;i. 188ti): •' Scriiitural Idea, of .Man ■ 
(1883); •• Teachiiiirs and Counsels •' (188-4). 



1887] 



Canada 



167 




EGEIJTOX UYERSOX (< •iuiadiaii, 1 ,S03- 1 «H:i) , Hrst su- 
piTiiitcii(l(-ii! .if Oiilavio. l)ct;;ni tcacliiiij>- at Hi. hut in 
I;S:i5 wa.s (inl.-iiiic'd ami bcauii prt-acliinti'. In 18~'9 he 
hel|)e(l cstablisli The Christian (iuanlian, and Ije- 
came its first editor, In 1835-6 he was in l^njrlund 
gottins a charter and subscriptions for Cobourij acad- 
emy, and in 1840 became first president of " 'I'he Uni- 
versity of Victoria college at Cobours' ". Three years 
after the establishment of a new system of edacation 
for Ontario, he was in I844appointed suiierinli'ndciil, 
and in IS.'iO framed a school law winch is -.i:!] thr Imsis 
of the system in force. In 1854 he estalili^li(<l a >\,s- 
tem of free public school libraries, and in is:ir<iathereil 
material for an educational museum. In his report to 
the English and Scotch inquiry commissions, .lames 
Fraser said that what Ensland'owed to .1. K. Shuttle- 
worth and New England to Horace Mann, Canada 
owed to Rverson. 



168 



America 



[1.^0.". 




JACOB ABBOTT (American, 1803-1879). famous .-is a 
^^ rilci- I'nr I lie noliii^', after graduation from ISowdoiii 
in is^i) and from Andover iu 1825. was tutor at, Am- 
herst IS.M-.T.uid professor of mathematics 1825-29. He 
estal)lislii'(l tli(! Mount \'ernou school forjiirls in Bos- 
ton add comlucted it 1829-34, and was pastor of the 
Eliot eliurcli 1834-6. For several years he-devoted 
himself to literary work, partly in Farmin^'ton, Mi,-., 
and partly in New York city. "He became known as 
an author throu!z;li the '• Young Christian " series, but 
his fatiie rests principally upon his •'Rollo" books 
(28 vols.), the " Franconia" stories (10 vols.) "Hari-er's 
Story Hooks" (36 vols.), and other juvenile works. 
Altogether his works exceed 200 titles. " The Teacli- 
er. or ^Moral Influences in Training tlie Young '" (1831) 
is still a useful book for teachers. His '■ .\ Descrip- 
tion of the Mount ^'er!lon School in 1832" is rare and 
very interesting. 




ETilAS LEAVKNM'ORTH (American. 1803-1895). last 
e.\-otlicio su|)eriiiti'ndent of schools of New York, 
after grtiduation from \':i\e in 1824 studied law with 
William Cullen Hryaiit, and in 1827 was admitted to 
the bar and begaii i)ractice in Svracuse, N. Y. He 
was jiresident of the village. 1838-41, and in 1849 and 
1859 mayor of tlie city. In 1853 he was elected secre- 
tary of state, and (>\-officio superintendent of com- 
mon school's. He warmly supported Gov. Seymour's 
recommendation that there be organized a separate 
department of pulilic instruction, and this became a 
law in 1«54. In 1M49 and 1856 he was elected to the 
asseml)ly and in 1874 to conjiress. From 18til to his 
death In"' was one of the regents of the University of 
the State of New York, liy his will he provide(l fiu' 
a public fountain and for the laying out of the park 
in S\ raciise which bears liis name. He was president 
uf <iie Svracuse Savings bank. 



18!)5] 



England 



160 




FBEDEUIC HILL (Kn-li>!i. ISO:!-) \v;is tin' s.m of 
;i schoolmaster, and at 18tauj;ht in liis ImUkt's scIkhiI, 
and with his brother Rowland :a, the famous Hazel- 
wood sohool. Ill 1831 he became interested in ]);irli- 
nientary reform, and in 1832 wrote "National ICdiu-a- 
tion in its Present State and Prospects ", published 
in 1836. In 1834 he became secretary to Lord Truro, 
and in 1835 was appointed inspector ot prisons. 
Thereafter, lie devoted himself to prison reform, es- 
tablishins the separate system, the abolition of flog- 
giuir. usidul labor, with pay for extra hours, and en- 
coura'.iin<,' industrial schools. In 18.53 he published 
" Crime, its Amount, Causes, and Remedies ", recom- 
mending the system now in use at the Elmira Re- 
formatory, which he highly approved. From 18.51 to 
1876 he was employed in the post-office, and made 
many improvements in the service. At the age of 90 
ho was still as interested as ever in prison reform. 




RICHARD OWEX (En-ilish, 1804 1892) studied 
medicine at Kdinburgh and Loudon, became a inem~ 
ber of the royal college of surgeons in 1826, and soon 
after assistant curator of the Ilunteriau museum 
where his researches led to new classifications of 
animals, the addition of new genera and species. an(; 
his " Physiological Series of Comparative Anatomy "' 
(1833-40). His ability was especially shown in the 
reconstruction of extinct families. In 1836 he bi- 
came Hunterian professor in the college of surgeons, 
and in 1856 chief of the natural history depiirtmcnt 
of the British museum, holding also a professorshi]) 
in the Royal institution, London. On his retirement 
in 1883 he was made K. C. B. Among his worl<s 
are " Odontography "," British Fossil Manual and 
Birds ", "British Fossil Reptiles", "The Vertebrate 
Skeleton ", " Parthenogenesis ", " Lectures on Com- 
narative Anatomy "', " Anatomy of Vertebrates "', etc. 



170 



America 



[1804 




ELIZABETH PALMER PEABODY (American, 1804- 
181>4) was the dauKlitiT of a physician and of Miss 
Palmer, a noted teacher. Her 'sisters married Na- 
liel ILiw Ihdnie and Horace Jlann. In 1830 she 
sl.-iteil 1 ).' ( ii'iando's "Self-Education". She as- 
(1 A. l!ri>ii>(i)i Alcott in his school, of which she 
ished in 1S35 " A Record of a School ". In 1841 she 
ished "A Theory of Teaching", followed by 
ral text-books. In 1860 she started in Boston a 
privati' kindergarten, but in 1S67 went to Germany to 
study with Krau Froebel. and returned to introduce 
^;-eiiuiuc Fr(iel)eli:in methods. She was editor of The 
Kiiiih rf/iirl. ,1 .¥>■■<■■« 11 '/>^r (1873-.^, 1877, 1881-2). Her 
'■ Moral » 'uhure nf liilnncy" (1863) was reissued in 
18r.il. In Isr8 slie put)lished "After Kindgarten— 
WliMt'.'", and in 1888 "Lectures in the Training 
Schools for Kindergarteners ". Her beuevolentspirit 
knew uo boundaries and no limite. 




MfltOrVS TII,T;TNf;H.VST (American, 1S0H856), 
gTaduaird fi-oin \\e>L I'ulut ii 18:i4,altfr three years' 
service leeame-iustrue'tor at West Polut until 1834, 
ami resigned fi-oin the army in 1836 to establisti a 
private school iu Boston. lu 1840 he became first 
principal of the Normal School at Brldgewater, the 
only one of the fli'st three nurnial schools of Massa- 
ehiisctts that snr\ived. His success lay Inhisper- 
Ki)ualrharacter,in1hatqnietbutiinilinchin,g-devotlon 
I n iirUiciple, that lieroic and real abnegation of self, 
•> liicU to those whu knew iiim intimately appeared 
as the ruling- trait Of Ills moral nature. The mere 
Ivuowledge on the part of a piipU that Mi: Til- 
liiigiiast disapproved his course, even where no 
disapprobation had been expressed, was a biu"cieu 
which few could endure. But t Hough at first reserved, 
and apparently cold and distant, he was klud-lieai't- 
ed and generous, sympathetic and iiiucL 



1804] 



Pearody, Tilli.\(;hast, Dillaway, Raxtoul 



17] 




CHARLKS KNAPP DILLAM'AY (American, 1804- 
KSS9) Jiftfi- ur.-uluatidu Ironi llarvavd in 1825 bw.aiuo 
in 1831 hcadiuaslcr of the Boston Public Latin school. 
In 1836 he resigned his position on account of ill 
health, and lor several years tau-rhtin private school 
for hoys in Kostou, and later a school for voung 
women in Ro.xbury. He was also frequently called 
upon to teach our language to foreigners, especially 
to Japanese. He was the author of numerous text- 
books, including eight volumes of Cicero, and one 
each of Plautus, Terence, Quinlilian. and Tacitus; 
and edited editions of the (^'olloquies of Erasmus. 
Roman antiquities and mythology, etc. He wrote 
a history of the Roxhury Latin school, of which he 
was trustee for more than -10 years, aided Pickering in 
preparing his Greek lexicon and Worcester in his 
English dictionary, and was a frequent contributor 
to periodical literature. 




ROBERT BANTOUL, JR. (American, 180.i-1852> 
after graduation from Harvard in 1826 began the 
practice of law in Gloucester, Mass., in 1829. He was 
elected to the legislature in 1834 and to the State 
board of education in 1837, where he was one of the 
warmest supporters of Horace Mann as secretary. 
In 1843 he became collector of the port of Boston, aiid ' 
in 1845 r. S. district attorney. In 1851 he succeeded 
Daniel Webster in the U. S. senate, and in the same 
year was elected to the house of representatives. He 
was always warmly interested in education, and in 
1839 addressed the American Institute of Instruction 
on "The iMlucation of a Free People". His "Re- 
marks on ICducation"'. reviewing Horace Mann's 1st 
report, and first published in the Xorth American. 
Review, was widely circulated as a pamphlet, and did 
much to sustain Mr. Mann's efforts, and to carry on 
the r-sform of education in Massachusetts. 



172 



America 



[1805 




HENRY PHILLIP TAPPAN (American, 1805-1881) 
after graduation from Uuioii in 1825 and some years 
as a clergyman, in 1833 was made professor of moral 
and intellectual philosoiahy in New York university. 
In 1838 the entire faculty resigned, and for a time he 
conducted a private school. For the first ten years 
the university of Michigan had no president, and Mr. 
Tappan, elected in 1852, was the first to hold that 
office. He did much to develop the institution on the 
broad lines laid down by its early founders, but on 
account of lack of harmony with the faculty and the 
regents was removed in 1863, E. O. Haven being 
elected his successor. Thereafter he lived in Europe, 
finally settling down in Vervay, Switzerland. He 
wrote three books on the "Freedom of the Will", 
afterward republished in Glasgow, " Elements of 
Logic", "Treatise on l^niversity Education", and 
" iV Step from the New World to the Old ". 



^ '*5f^.: 




THOMAS HENBY BURROWES (American, 1805- 
ISTl) "llie fatlicfof Pennsylvania common schools ", 
:i lawyer, was in 1831 elected to the legislature, and in 
isii.T .1]) pointed secretary of the commonwealth. He 

1 Mine interested in the common school interests of 

the .State, and found the law of 1834 inadequate. 
Almost alone he drafted the law of 1836. which con- 
t inued in force till 1849. In 1838 a change of admin- 
istration removed him from office, and after seven 
years upon the farm he resumed in 1845 the practice 
of law. He also published newspaper articles on 
idiicntion, and in 18.52 began the publication of the 
I'l iiiisiil nuiid ticliool ./oitriKil, which occupied most 
• il' hisli til! W70. In 1855 he published " Pennsyl- 
vania School Architecture". From 1860 to 1863 he 
was State superintendent, in 1865he was made super- 
intend(!nt of soldiers orphans, and in 1869 became 
president of the State agricultural college. 



1900] 



England 



173 




FBEDERICK DEXISON MAURICE (Kii'ili.sh, I8O.1- 
1872). louudrr of the Working jMen's college, and of 
QneiMis college, after graduation from Cambridge in 
\S'l7 bfc-.wne a writer on the social, political, ecolesi- 
Mstical, and scientific questions of the day, and in 1831 
joi ned the established church and became a preacher, 
ills books, "The Kingdom lof Christ" (1838), '■ Lec- 
tures on Kducatlon "(1839), and others, laid the found- 
ation for the Broad church as it was called. In 1854 
he founded and became principal of the Working 
Men's college, with the help of such men as John 
Ruskin and Thomas Hughes. He edited The Educa- 
tional Magazine, new series, 1839-41. He was profes- 
sor of literature in King's college 1840-53, and in 1866 
became professor of moral philosophy at Cambridge. 
In 1848 he founded Queens eollcuc. ("iiicM-ially Intended 
for governesses. He favored S\ind:iy recreation for 
working people. His works are mostly religious. 




GEORGE ANTHONY DENISON (Lngllsh. 180.V ) 
ilh I _i iduatlou from Oxford was elected fellow ot 
0111 1 illege. He was ordained deacon In 1832. and 
w IS I ui ite of Cuddeson till 1838, when his brother, 
then Hishop of Salisbury, gave him the living of 
Broadwmsor, whence he was transferred in 1845 to 
East Brent, subsequently becoming archdeacon of 
T lunton. In 1853 he was accused of unsound doc- 
tiine and m 1856 was deprived of all his preferments, 
but the sentence was set aside by the Court of Arches. 
He ^\as e\f miner in classics at the Charterhouse. 
1832-1838, examiner for the Ireland srl.olarsliip to 
Oxford, 1837-8, and for the Newcastle srliolarsliip at 
Eton. At Taunton he established a training-school 
for schoolmasters, and a middle school for the sons 
of farmers and tradesmen. He was one of the most 
pronounced opponents of national education, and es- 
pecially of " The Manchester and Salford scheme ". 



174 



England 



[1806 




ArOrST(^S DE MORCJAX (RnTlish. IsnR-lSTl) was 
burn in huii:i, but was bi-.Miuhl, to i:iisl:iii(] when an 
inlniil, and in 18:^7 Iook bmrth phicf,- in the mathc- 
iiuUical tripos at Cambridge, lie was professor of 
mathematics in University college, London, 1828-1831, 
and 1836-1866, and recosinized as an unrivalled teacher. 
For 30 years he ciliicd tlic piililir.-ii i.ms of tlie Royal' 
Astronomical si"-i'-l\, .111(1 his mat hcnialical works 
were numerous, bcL^iiiniuu' in 1S',;h witli .-i translation 
of part of Koiinliin's algebra, and in<'ludinK his Cal- 
culus (1843), and his " Foundations of .VlL.'i'ljra " in the 
7th and8lh volumes of the Cambrid.Lre Philosophical 
Transactions. But he was also a famous reformer 
in the field of logic, the importance in mathematics 
of training in which he always insisted upon. His 
"Formal Logic" was jiililished in 1847, and his 
"Syllabus of a Pro]i<>srd System " in 1860. "He was 
the kindliest as well as the most learned of men." 



1873] 



De Morgan, INIill 



175 




JOHN STUART JIILt, (Engllsli, 1806-1873>, the son 
Of James Mill, Uistorlan aucl political and mental 
philosoplier, had an extraordinary early education. 
He was taught the Greek alphabet at 3, and at 8 had 
read a great many Greeiv bcolvS in tlie original, as 
well as much history in English. He then began 
Latin, Euclid, and Algebra, and became tutor to the 
younger children. At 12, he began logic, and at 13 
political economy; and here, when nearly 14 his 
education terminated, and he began to work under 
his father's eye. He had been his father's constant 
companion, and had acquired by example the habit 
of strenuous application to difficult labor. He was 
also taught to regard himself as consecrated to a 
life of labor for public good. In 1823 he became a 
clerk in tlie India House lie wrote for the maga- 
zines, publlslied his "Lo^-iC in 1S«, his " I'nlirical 
Economy " m 1846, and his " Pliilosopliy " in 1805. 



ANOTHER PORTRAIT 



176 



America 



[1806 




ENOCH COBB WINES (American, 1806-1879) after 
Kradu;it,ion from Middleburj' iu 1827, and service in 
the U. 8. navy, in 1832 became principal of the Edge- 
hill school near Princeton, N. J. His address in 1837 
before the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania 
was expanded into a volume, " Hints on a System of 
Popular Education". The legislatures of Pennsyl- 
vania and of New Jersey both ordered several hun- 
dred copies for distribution throuuh their States. The 
same year lie published "How shall I govern my 
School '» " In 1838 lie was made teacher in the high 
school of Philadelphia. In 1844 he opened a board- 
ing-school near Burlington, N. .J. In 18.59 he became 
president of the university of St. Louis. In 1862 he 
began his greatest work as'secretary of the >'ew York 
prison association. In 1871 was sent to Europe by the 
government to establish an international prison con- 
gress. .Sessions were held in 1872 and in 1877. 




JOSEPH PADDOCK FAIRBANKS (American. 1806- 
1855), was engaged iu uiauulacture of scales with his 
brothers at St. Johnsbury, \'t. From the first he was 
interested and activi; in benevolent work, and especi- 
ally in education. As early as 1832 he began to assist 
young men to enter the ministry; in 1843 he united 
with his brothers in establishing the St. .lolmsbury 
academy: and in 1845, being elected to the legislature, 
he made it his especial effort to improve the common 
schools. He secured the passage of a new school law, 
promoted educational associations, established the 
Vermont SchooUnurnnl. and sought to secure in \'er- 
niont such an aw:iki'uing as was -occurring in Massa- 
chusetts under Hor.-ice Mann. In 1851, the political 
control changed, and no State superintendent was 
elected: and though besought to secure the contin- 
uance of the office by subscription, the pl.ni failed 
and the school law became inoper.ative. 



1885] 



\Vi.\Es, Fairbanks, Cornell, Alden 



177 




EZRA CORNELL (American, 1807-1874), founder of 
Covni'll university, built at 18 .and without appren- 
ficesliip the two-story house in which his parents 
lived at DeRuyter, N. Y., and worlced as a carpenter 
at Cortland and Syracuse. In 1828 he removed to Ith- 
aca, where he became superintendent of a laroe mill- 
ing business. In 1840 he travelled in the interest of a 
new plough, and in 1844 saved the telegraiih from fail- 
ure by suggesting the erection of poles for the wires. 
He built lines in Pennsylvania, New York, and Can- 
ada, and then i n the west, and was one of the founders 
and for many years the largest stock-holder of the 
Western LTnion telegraph company. In 1861 and 1862 
he was elected to the assembly, and was a State sena- 
tor 1864-8. In 1863 he founded the Cornell free library 
at Ith;ica, and in 1865 he gave half a million to endow 
(,'orncll TTniversity, on condition that it should have 
the auricultural land grant. 




JOSEPH ALDEN (American. 1807-188,5), 6th presi- 
dent of .lelTerson college, and 4th principal of the Al- 
bany normal, after graduation from Union in 1829 
tiiught for two years in Princeton while taking a 
theological course. After a year as pastor he became 
in 1835 professor of rhetoric in Williams. In 18.52 he 
became professor of mental and moral science in La- 
faypfte college, in 18.57 president of .Jefferson colle'^-e 
and in 1867 principal of the Albany normal, retiring 
in 1872. His works number some 70 title's mostly 
Sunday school books, and his text-books have had 
Large sales, '■ Elements of Intellectual Philosophy" 
•• Science of Government", •' Christian Ethics", and 
especially his " Political Economy ", of which An- 
drew D. White said: " It is clear, well arranged, and 
the best treatise for the jiurpose I have ever seen." 
He was also for a time editor of The New York Oh - 
t'erver, a well-known religious weekly. 



178 



America 



[1807 




SAMUEL HARVEY TAYLOR (American, 1807-1871), 
.'-.nown to all graduates of Pliilllps Academy, Andover, 
as "Uncle Sam," became an assistant teacher there 
in 18S4, and was principal there from 1837 to his 
death. He had an instinct for the government of 
boys, and his profound convictions, liiflcxiijie will, 
and strong- sensibilities gave him an iniliiriiii- equal- 
led by that of few American teachers. As a tcailier, 
he united accuracy in the details of classical litera- 
tm-e with an entl'iuslasm in its general spirit. His 
"Methods of Classical Study" (1861), set a high 
standard for oilier teachers, but represented well his 
own practice. He was in his element before his 
pupils, and summoned them to exertion witli almost 
talisnianic force. Ills aim was not to give knowl- 
edge, but td (luallfy them for getting it. He gave 
tlieni inspiration ft/r work, and was himself the hard- 
est student in school. 



18S4] 



SwiTZRELAND 



179 




LOUIS JOHN RUDOLPH AGASSIZ (Swiss, 1807- 
1873) pursued medical studies ;it Zurich, Heidelberg, 
and Mimicli, but with special reference to natural 
history, particularly botany. He was soon employed 
to describe specimens brought from Brazil of the 
fresh-water fishes of the Amazon. This led him to 
researches upon the fossil fish of the Alps, and he es- 
tablished a new system of classification. In 18-10 he 
b<!came interested in glaciers, upon which he became 
ail authority. In 1846 he came to America, and in 1847 
was appointed professor at Harvard, where he built 

ip the museum of natural history. In 186.5 and in 
^n he visited Brazil, and came home laden with 

fasures. Through the liberality of John Anderson, 
wlio gave liim Penikese island aiid a fund of $.50,000, 
he estal>lished a summer school of natural history 
there. To the last he rejected the doctrine of evolu- 
tion, I)elieving in independent creations. 





\ 



ARNOLD HENRY GUTOT (Swiss, 1807-1884) was 
graduated at Berlin in 1835, and from 1839 to 1848 was 
the colh.'ague of Agassiz at Neufchatel, where he car- 
ried on extensive studies of the Alpine glaciers. He 
accompanied Agassiz to America in 1848, and was for 
a time a lectureron physical geography in the schools 
.and institutes of Massachusetts. His lectures before 
the Lowell Institute were published as " Earth and 
:\Ian" (18.53). From 18.54 to his death he was professor 
of geography and geology at Princeton. He had the 
management of the meteorological department of 
the Smithsonian Institute.' and often lectured there. 
He published a series of geographies and maps, and 
was one of editors of Johnson's Cyclopfedia. He was 
the first to discover the laminated structure of the ice 
in glaciers, and to show that its motion is due to 
the displacement of its molecules, which render it 
plastic. 



ISO 



Switzerland 



[1807 




MART CARPENTER (Kn^rlish, 1807-1877) in 1829 
opened a school for irirls at Bristol. A visit from the 
Rev. Joseph Tuokerman of Boston determined her 
work in life, and in 183o she founded a workinj: and 
visiting society, to improve the condition of the pnnr. 
In 1846 she opened a ragged-school. She published 
books on '• Rugged Schools " (1849). and on " Reform- 
atory Schools " (]i^.')l). In 1852 she opened a private 
reformatory school near Bristol, and in her "Juvenile 
Delinquents " (18.o3) pointed out the evils of existing 
modes of punishment. In 1849 she published the 
" Claims of Ragged Schools'", and in 1861 was called to 
testify before parliament. In 1864 she published 
" Our Convicts ", which at Rome was put on the In- 
dex Expurgatorius. In 1866 she went to India, and 
in 1868-9 was for six months principal of a women's 
normal school in Bombay, In 1873 she visited 
America, and in 1875 once more visited India. 



JOSEPH 




PAYNE (English, 1808-1876) had liraitea 

for education and at twenty became ; 

)r at Cainberwcll, s\icceeding so well that 

ilhiT children undi'r his i-liarge and 

nil gr;iinninr scliiiiil grew up. Iul><45he 

scli.N.l :,l [..Mili.'i-h.'nd. \Nhich for 18 

s Mill' ol' I lii. I]r,i ].|-i\ :iti' scliools 

•I irriii.-iil in IsiiH he (li'\ oted him- 

i.'_;i-iss. especially witli reference 

ii"ii 111' women and the profes- 

■ lie- l.Mchrr. He was the first 

1. 1 l;' laical chair founded by the 

I's. .-inil his "Lectures on the 

iluc-:iiion " in book form are still 

among the best treatises on th(^ subject. 

res on the History of Education, with a 

■rnian Schools " was published after liis 

he was tlie author of sevenil text -books. 



¥•" \ 



1877] Germany 181 

DAMEL GOTTLIEB MOB. SCHBEBEB (Geiinan, 
1808-1861), noted for his services iu behalt' of physical 
education, after being educated at Leipzig was from 
1843 to 1859 physician in the Carus orthopaedic hos- 
pital. He exerted great influence in the reform of 
.4: \ educational methods, especially iu the direction of 

physical education. He made theexpression " health 
i.'ymnastics " (Heilgymiiastilc) a familiar word. His 
most famous work is -'AeTztliche Zimmergymnastik " 
(34th ed. 1890), of which an American translation un- 
der the title " Gymnastics for Health and Cure " is in 
common use. Other books are " Das Buch der Gesund- 
heif (1839), " Kallipadie oder Erziehung zur Schon- 
heit" (18.=i8), "Das Buch der Erziehung" (1891), 
' Kinesiairik oder die gymnastische Heilmethode " 
(18.12), " Die scliadlichen KOrperhaltungen und Ge- 
uohnheiten der Kinder" (1858), "Die plaumassige 
Scharfung der Sinnesorgane " (1859). 



182 



Nkvv Y()|{k 



[ISOS 




FRANCIS BRIGHT (American, 1808-1845), was born 
in Massacliusctts, Init in 1838 removed to New York, 
wliere lie est atilisluMi in ih40 Thf District SchoolJour- 
nal. Under liis editursliip tills jom'nal was until 
Ills death the focus which attracted and cemented all 
the elements in the State favorable to advance in 
educatlOQ. His modest deportment and captivating 
manners won friends on every hand. He was promi- 
nent in estaijlishiug the normal school, coxmty su- 
pervision, and n inventions of teachers. His journal 
was sent hy the Legislature to every district in the 
State, and it educated the people at large to the econ- 
omy of a larger expenditure for better schools. He 
threw himself heai't and soul into the cause, and his 
enthusiasm was Infectious. He was foremost among 
those who made New York recognized as foremost 
in education. His death was a great loss to the 
State. — se*^ 




DwiGHT, Randall 183 

SAMUEL S. RANDALL (Amerioau, 1809-1881) after 
study at Hamilton college was admitted to the bar iti 
1834. He became clerk in the New York department 
of public instruction under Gov. Dix, in 1841 was made 
deputy superintendent, and in October became act- 
\ ing superintendent, his chief being made secretary 
\ of war. He was again appointed deputy in 1849. In 
\ 18.51 he was made commissioner to codify the school 
' law of the State, and in 1853 was again elected deputy. 
I In 1854, his recommendation that the office of the su- 
/ perinteudent be separate from that of secretary of 
/ state was adopted, and it was supposed that he would 
be the first superintendent but by a political trick 
Victor M. Rice was elected instead. Mr. Randall was 
made deputy, but in June, 18.54. was elected first su- 
perintendent of schools in Kew York city. He re- 
signed in 1870 on account of failing health. He was au- 
thor of a histor.v of the common schools of New Y'^ork, 



184 



Amkiuca 



[ISOO 




FREDERICK AUGUSTUS PORTER BARNARD 

(Americiui, 1809-1889) after graduation in 1818 from 
Vale, where he showed remarkable aptitude for math- 
eniatiios, became a master in the Hartford Latin 
school, and in 1830 was made tutor at Yale. After a 
year he taught in the deaf and dumb asylums in 
"Hartford and in New York, and in 1838 became pro- 
lissor of mathematics in the university of Alabama. 
ill-re he defended the established curriculum against 
I 111- elective system and against the dormitory system. 
11 18.54 he became professor of mathematics in the 
iiiversity of Mississippi, and in 1856 was made presi- 
i'-iit, resigning when the war broke out in 1861. After 
work on the coast survey, he was in 1864 elected 
president of Columbia college, where he remained till 
Jeath. The women's department is named Barnard 
aollege in honor of his efforts for the higher educa- 
tion of women. 



1895] 



Scotland 



1S5 




JOHN STUART Bh.VCKIK (S,.,,i,cl,, lS09-ISi».->) n Ii.t 
(■<lu.-:iii()ii :il AbiTdrcii. Kdinhur-li. and nliroad was 
adiiiiMcd 1(> Ihr bar in 18:«. hut publislicd ihal, vi'ar a, 
metn<!al Inuislalioii ol' Fausf, and contributed 'niUL-li 
to till! uiasazini^s. In 1841 he became professor of 
Latin literature at Aberdeen, and in 1852 of Greek- at 
Edmburfjb. This last he considered the great lan- 
iiiuyxi'. and he iiad the best Greei< library in (ircat 
Hntain. Hut lie was in other wavs the most notable 
liiil)iic figure in Scotland. lie was prominent in the 
Hiovciiicnt for university reform, and was a warm 
:Hl\'M-:ite of Scotch nationalitv, securing a Celtic 
■hair at Edinburgh He was unconventional in at- 
'ire and manner, but an enormous power, in college 
ind out: and though he retired from teaching in I88"2 
h" was at 85 still a boy in. feeling and often in ex- 
pression. His writings were voluminous the best- 
known in America being his "Self-Culture ■'. 



186 



England 



[1809 




CHARLES ROBERT DAHWIN (English, 1809- ), 
tlie naturalist, after graduation iu 1831 from Cam- 
bridge sailed as a. voluutciT naturalist to the coast of 
South America. After his return in 1836 he published 
a "Journal of Researches " (1839), " Zoology of the 
Vovage of the Beagle" (1840-42), "Coral Reefs" 
(1842), "Volcanic Islands" (1844), " Geological Ob- 
servations " (1846), and "A Monograph of the Cirri- 
pedia " (1851-53). But his "Origin of Species by 
means of Natural Selection" (1859) made him the 
most famous scientist of the century, leading first to 
violent attacks, but finally to general acceptance of 
his theory. " The Descent of Man" (1871) is a con- 
tinuation of that work. Among his other works are 
" The Variations of Animals and Plants under Do- 
mestication" (1868), "The Expressionof the Emotions 
in Men and Animals " (1872), " The Effects of Cross 
and Self Fertilization " (1876), etc. 



I'.»01] 




Amkkica 1''^7 



DAVID PERKINS PAGE (American, 1810-1848), was 
boru at Epplug, N. II. ; tauglit lu small schools for 
loui- years ; at 21 became tue vice-prmcipal ot the 
school at Newburyport, Mass. ; and at 34 was made 
Di-lncipal 01 tne new state Normal school at Al- 
bany, N.Y. On his way to Albany, he called on 
Horace Mann, whose parting words were : " Succeed, 
or die " He succeeded and died, for after ttu-ee years 
be laid down the burden be had borue too zealously. 
He labored indefatigably. Against the assaults upon 
the normal school he interposed able, manly, com-- 
teous defences ; those levelled at himself he bore in 
silence ; but no man, however blttei his hostility, 
ever came within the magnetism of Mr. Page's pres- 
ence and influence without being changed from an 
enemy to a friend. II -^ His influence lives in his " The^ 
ory and Practice of Teaching," the most popular or 
all American books on pedagogy. ». 



188 



Amekica, England 



[1810 




JOHN SEELY HAllT (American, 1810-1877) after 
trrailimtiou from Princeton in 1830 and employment 
ilnTi' as an instructor became in 1836 proprietor of 
tlie Edgelull scliool, and in 1842 principal of the 
central high school of Philadelphia, succeeding A. 
D. Bache, where he remained 17 years. In 1859 he 
became editor of the publications of the American 
Sunday School Union, in 1863 principal of the New 
Jersey State normal school, and in 1873 professor of 
rhetoric and English at Princeton. He was a volu- 
minous writer, his most successful text-book being 
his rhetoric. Ill 1844 he was editor of the Pa. Com- 
mon School Journal, and from 1849 to 1851, of Sar- 
tain's Magazine. His annual reports of the Phila- 
delphia high school have much statistical informa- 
atiou, and his ideas on organization and supervision 
are valuable. In 1851 he edited the "" Female Prose 
Writers of America". 




SAMUEL CLARK (English, 1810-1875) was obliged 
to give up school for business at Southampton before 
he was 14, but by private reading had acquired large 
knowledge and ready expression. In 1836 he became 
publisher of the Educational ]\l;i,gazine in London, 
where he became ac(iuainted with P. D. Maurice, 
whom he afterward assisted to establish Queens col- 
lege. While still in business he began study at Ox- 
ford in 1839, and was graduated in 1 '40. He was made 
chaplain of St. Mark's training college, Chelsea, and 
threw himself heartily into the work, becominsr vice- 
principal. I''rom 185i to 1862 he was princip.al of the 
Battersea training college, \\hich he made tirst of tlie 
normal schools in the kingdom. At the Exhihitinu 
of 1863 he was one of Ihe judges in the educational 
department, and he had .-i prominent part in drawing 
uj) tlie revised code. He cominled a- Bible atlas, 
and ^vrote parts of the '• Speakers Commentar.v ". 



1888] 



America 



189 




ASA GRAY (American, 1810-1888) was born at Paris, 
X. Y,, and fjraduated from the Fairfield medical 
school in 1813, but soon save up practice to devote 
himself to botany. In 1834 he was made botanist to 
ihe U. S. exploring expedition to the southern seas, 
but on account of delay resisned. From 1842 to 1873 
he was professor of natural histor.v at Harvard, and 
Mfter resignation retained charge of the great herb- 
arium he had given to the university in 1864. In 1874 
111! succeeded Agassiz as regent of the Smithsonian 
institution. He was probably the first botanist of 
liis century. In conjunction "with Dr. John Torrey 
he was the first to arrange species upon the natural 
b-isis of affinity, and he became an influential sup- 
porter of the Darwinian theory. In 1838 he published 
with Ur. Torrey the " P'lcra of North .\merica "", and 
many other works followed, iiichiding a series of 
text-books still regarded the best. 



190 



AmEHICA. EnrCATIONAL JoiRXALISM 



[1811 




HKNRY BARNARD (American. 1811-1900) after grad- 
uation from Yale in 1838 studied law, Vntt, was State 
superintendent of schools of Conuectioiit 1838-42, of 
INiode Island 18-13-9, of Connecticut again 1851-5. He 
was (Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin 1858- 
CiO. and in 1866 president of St. John's college, Md. 
I'roni 1867 to 1870 he was United States commis.sioner 
iif education. He is best known, however, as editor 
nf tlie American Journal of Education.. It contains 
•39 volumes of 800 closely-printed pages each, and 
envers almost every topic, giving translations of 
loreign books not elsewhere to be found. The volumes 
are numbered 1-30. but Vol. 25 was never published. 
\'ol. 18 is the American Yearbook for 1869; Vol. 19 a 
special report of the District of Columbia: Vol. 21 a 
report on technical schools: and Vol.29 the report of 
the commissioner of education for 1877. There are 
also scores of reprints und<'r various titles. 



1900] 



Henry Barnard 



191 





IX isro 



192 



A RGENTI N K 1 1 KPUIiL IC 



[ISll 




DOMINGO FAUSTINO SARMIENTO (Argpntirinn. 

ISll-l-^yy) u:is l)iini in llir lii'st vi-ar of the revolution 
tliMt tiiiully Kiivc lilnTiy to the republic, and beeanie 
;i noted writer, orator, a'nd legislator. He was minister 
of the Argentine republic to the United States, when 
in 1868 he was eU-cted president of the republic for a 
term of six years, lie liad been greatly interested in 
the school system of the United States, and in a let- 
ter to diaries Sumner, pulilished in the Masxachn- 
setts Teuchi'r for Auu., 1»''^!. le- speaks ..f ihe s.-hool 
as tlie I)iisis of the American e(.n>til\il inn. All houtrh 
during his i)residency the rei)ublio was eiiL;a,tJc'tl in 
war, and an insurrection broke out, he devoted him- 
self so successfully to building up a system of public 
education tliat tlie anniversary of his death is a 
m.arked day in the school calendar. The Evoliicinti 
Eiinrafiva "for Sept. In, 1899, is largely devoted to tlie 
storv of his life. 



1894] 



America 



193 




JAMES McCOSH (Scotch, 1811-1894), 11th president 
of Princeton, after ediiciitiou at Glasijow and Etfin- 
liursh sotau honorary A.M. from tlie latter on motion 
of Sir Wni. Hamilton for an essay on the Stoic phil- 
osophy. He preached from 1835-1851, and wrote 
"Method of Divine Government" (1850), which so 
interested the lord-lieutenant of Ireland that the 
author was made professor of logic at Queen's collefje, 
Belfast. He came to America as president of Prince- 
ton in 1868, resigning in 1888 altera most successful 
administration. He had great influence upon philos- 
ophical thought, his philosophy being. Prof. Baldwin 
sa vs. a development of the Scottish realism, but going 
farther than Reid in asserting the direct cognition of 
realities of all kinds. He very early accepted the doc- 
trine of biological evolution. Among his many works 
are ''Logic'' (1869), "The Emotions" (1880). "Psy- 
chology " (1886), ■■ Philosophy of Reality '' (1894). 






JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER (English, 1811-1882). 2d 
pri-'sidentof the New York university medical college, 
was educated in of London, but came to America in 
1833, and became M.U. of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in 1836. He was professor of chemistry in 
Hampton-Sidney college 1836-39, in New York univer- 
sity 1839-41, and in the medical department 1841-50. 
He was president 18.50-73. In 1839 he took by Daguer- 
re's process the first photographic portrait ever taken 
from life. In 1840 he took the first photograph of the 
moon, and he was associated with S. F. B. Morse in 
developing the telegraph. He discovered many of the 
fundamental facts of spectrum analysis and published 
them 1841-50. The titles of his papers (183-J-HO) eNcecil 
100. His ■• History of the Conflict between Ki'ligiou 
and Science" (1874) has been translated into 9 lan- 
guages. Other books are " Human Physiology" (18.56), 
•• Intellectual Development of Europe " (1863), etc. 



194 



America 



[1811 




JOHN VAN SCHAICK LANSING PRUTN (American, 

1811-ll^?X) aftcf yrudiuition from tho Albany academy 
was .-iiliiiitliMl to the bar in 1832. He was appointed 
by Gov. Maroy master in chancery, and afterward 
became injunction master of the third circuit. He 
became counsel for the New Yorlx Central railway, 
ill' was State senator 1882-3, and representative to 
cunsress, 1863-5 and 1867-9. He was a regent of the 
Smithsonian Institution. In 1866 he suggested the 
IVii-mation of the State board of charities, and was 
prcsidiiit until his death. He was one of the original 
commissioners of the new capitol, and laid its foun- 
dation stone. He became a regent of the University 
of New York in 1844, and from 1862 to his death was 
its chancellor. After the annual Convocations were 
established in 1863, his receptions were among the 
most important features of the meetings, at which 
he made an ideal presiding ofTicer. 




ELIAS LOOMIS (American, 1811-1889) scientist, 
after graduation from Yale in 1830 was a, tutor there, 
1833-36. He was the first American to see the return 
of Halley's comet in 1835 and published an account 
of it. In 1836-7 he studied in Paris. In 1837 became 
professor of natural philosophy in Western Reserve 
cnllcgi', 111 1844 of mathematics in New York univer- 
sity, and in 1860 of astronomy in Yale, where he re- 
maini'd till his death. He was distinguished for 
careful observations in astronomy, meteorology, and 
magnetism, with important results. As an instruc- 
tor he was noted for compi-lling his students to in- 
vestigate for themselves, s.miiim lines a student would 
come to him with a suppuM-d iiii>iake in the text- 
book. " Will you please read it again ? " he would 
say again and'again, till finally the student saw his 
own error, when a smile would stretch across Prof. 
Loomis's face like a rising sun. 



1901] 



England 



195 




SIR WILLIAM ROBERT GROVE (Welch, 1811-) 
after Rraduatioii from Oxford in 1833 studied law. but 
becnnie interested in electricity and was from 1835 to 
1840 professor of natural philosophy in the London 
Institution. In 1839 he communicated to the French 
Ac;i(l('niY his invention of the Grove battery, which 
snbsiitutes platinum for copper and nitric^for sul- 
phuric acid. In 1841 he published a paper on electro- 
typiuii, and in 1842 enunciated the doctrine of the 
correlation of physical forces. showiuK that arrested 
motion prodnces'heat. His book on the subject was 
published in 1847. and is his principal contribution 
to science. In 1866 he was president of the British 
Association. Having resumed the practice of law, 
he became in 1853 queen"s counsel, and in 1871 jus- 
tice of the common pleas. He was kniiihted in 1871. 
He is one of the few men who have been eminent both 
in science and iu a chosen profession. 



196 



America 



[1812 




KDW.VRD SEGUIN (French, 1812-1880) ciuiie froii! 
aiiri.>tnr., who had been physiciuiis for generations. 
Aflc'i- fdui-aiion in Paris he studied medicine under 
Itard and Esquirol, and was led to the study of idiocy, 
which he discovered to be not uialforiuation of tlie 
brain, but arrested development. He established a 
scliool for them in Paris, and joined a brilliant coterie 
of youns men, including Ledru RoUin, Louis Hlanc, 
anil Victor Hugo, who believed in a republic founded 
on the teachings of St. Simon. He published in 1846 
his treatise on idiocy which was crowned by the 
Academy, and is still its text-book. In 1850 he came 
to .Vmerieaand jirartised as a physician, but did much 
for the feeble-mindi'd, ami lri>m IS.'il to 1857 assisted 
Dr. Wilbur in the institution at Syracuse, N. Y. He 
pul)lished " Idiocy and its treatment by the Physiolo- 
gical Method" and several other books, and eslalj- 
''vsIichI in New York a school for the feeble-minded. 




CHARLES HARTSHORN ANTHONY (1812-1874), 
a famous Albany teacher, after graduation from the 
Troy (X. Y.) academy at 15 began lecturing there 
on Ideology and botanv. In 1831 he established a 
private high school, which in 1831 he became the 
Troy academy. In 1837 this was merged with the 
Rensselaer polytechnic institute as the department 
of classical literature, but the union was not carried 
into effect, and Mr. Anthony continued to be princi- 
pal ■until 1839, when he was made principal ol th<' 
Troy public high school In 1840 this school was 
suspended, and he removed to Al bany a iid established 
a private school there. In 1846 he established the 
\lbany classical institute, and remained in charge of 
it for 20 years, continuing afterward to visit almost 
daily, and to lecture at least once a week, until .)an. 
2. 18"72, when \w was seized by an attack tliat left tlie 
right half of his body paralyzed. 



Seguin, Anthony, Armstrong, McElligott 



li)7 




JOHN W. AKMSTRONG (Rnjilish, 181:i-1878). 1st 
lirincipal of Kn'doni;!.. iiccoiiipanied his I'utlK'r to 
('aii:id:i in 1824. .-iiid in 1837 came to Cu/.tMioviii seni- 
inarv. X. Y. In 1839 he taught at Nichols, and after 
liriv.'ite work rn Canada, in 18-11 at Red Creelc. He was 
licTused as a hical preaclier, bnt was principal of 
the (ioverneur Wesleyan 1844-50, when he c.anie back 
t.i ('a/.cnovia as a student teacher of science. In 
l,s.i4 he became principal of Falley seminary, and in 
1855 of the Susquehanna seminary at Rinfilianilon. 
In 1856 he resumed pastoral work, and in 1857 was 
sent to Anienia seminary in an unsuccessful attempt 
to >ave it from sale. After pastoral work, 1857-65, he 

I ;inie headmaster and teacher of science in the 

oswv^o normal, and in 1869 was made principal of 
tlie Fredonia normal, where he remained till de.-itli. 
He was president of the association of normal prin- 
cipals from its organization in 1869. 




JAMES NAPOLEON McELLlGOTT (American, 1812- 
1866). a prominent New York school man, after educa- 
tion at New York university became instructor in and 
in 1S45 principal of the Mechanics society institute. 
In 1849 he opened a private classical school, which he 
conducted with signal success till his death. In 1848 
he was editor of The Teachers Advocate, and in 1860 
was ])resident of the State teachers association. He 
cuiipcrati'd in the preparation of the Union readers, 
and Im- was the author of •' M.-inual, Analytical and 
Svnl helical, of Orthography and Dellnition " (1845), 
•■'Oldham's Humorous Speaker" (1853), and "The 
American Debater " (1855). At the time of his death 
he was engaged upon a Latin grammar, and was to 
have followed with a Greek grammar. He was for 16 
years corresponding secretary of the American Sun- 
day School Union, and was active in church and be^ 
nevolent work. 



108 



.X^FKRICA 



[is: 




JAMES DWIGHT DANA (Aiiicnc-aii. 1813-189o) was 
l:oni ill Vtica, N. V.. and after uradualiou from Yale 
in 1833 travelled for two years in the Mediterranean 
as instructor of midshipmen in the U. S. navy. In 
1836-38 he was assistant at Yale to Prof. Silliman, 
and in 1838-42 took part in the Wilkes exploring ex- 
pedition, of which his reports on geology, corals, 
and crustaceans were published 1846-54. In 1846 he 
was made professor of geology at Yale. He had al- 
ready published a "System of Mineralogy" (1837). 
and a " jSIanual of Mineralogy "' (1848), andiii 1864 he 
published his "Text-Book of Geology", so much tlie 
best book of its kind that a German geologist ad- 
vised his students to learn English in order to use 
this book. Personally he was one of the simplest 
and most lovable of men, as ready to take a walk with 
freshmen and point out geological A-lJ-C"s as to pre- 
side over the Academy of science. 




MAUCl'S WILLSON (Americ;in, 1813—) after grad- 
iialiiiii from Union in 1836 taught at I<Mshkill Landing 
and for four years in the Pouirhkeepsie collegiate 
>rhiii)l. ami was principal of CanaiulaiL;ua academy 
lS4it-1853, but he declined the )ircsidi'iicy of N'assar. 
lie was also admitted to the bar, but his principal 
work was as an author. His first work was a civil 
"jiivernment, followed by American histories, a uiii- 
Mi'sal history, and a setoj science readers on which 
hi' ^pi'ut four years, ana afterward another set of 
iradris. For copyright on text-books he was paid 
imire lliau ^OOO.OOii'hy the ll.-u-per Hrolhers alone, witli 
large amounts from other iiulilishers. He also wrote 
•■ The Wciuderful .story of OliI '•, an illustrated l{il)le 
work. He delivertid his first written temperance ad- 
dress at the age of 18, and was prevented from prac- 
tising law by the injury to his voice from speaking 
on a cold winter's night. 



1901] 



England 



199 




WILLIAM BEXJA3IIN CARPEXTEU (i:n;;lisb, 1813 

1885), fatuous for his work in comparative pliysiol 
osy, brother of Mary Carpenter the phihinthropist. 
studied medicine at University collese and «t Edin- 
burgh, and beyian practice in Bristol. He became a 
contributor to the magazines, and subsequently edi- 
tor of the British and Medical Foreign Review. In 
1837 he gained the Edinburgh prize of $l!>0 for the 
best essay of the year, and bought a microscope, 
which enabled him to write his '• General and Com- 
parative Physiology " (1838). In 1844 he became pro- 
fessor of physiology in the Royal institution, London, 
and published his " Comparative Physiology " and 
■ Human Physiology ". He was professor of medical 
jurisprudence at L'riiversity college 1849-.59, principal 
Of University hall, 1851-59, and in 1856 became reg- 
istrar of the University of London in the develoji- 
ment of which he was the chief worker. 




SIR ISAAC PITMAN (English, 1813- ), the in- 
ventor of phonography, became at 12 a clerk in a 
counting-house, and at 18 was sent to the normal col- 
lege of the British and Foreign School Society. After 
live months training he became master of a public 
school, and subsequently established a school at 
Uarton-on-Humber. Here he began to study short- 
hand, and published his " Stenographic Sound Hand" 
in 1837. In 1842 he began the Phonetic Journal, and 
in 1843 established a Phonographic Institute. Besides 
his text-books he issued a library of some eighty 
volumes printed entirely in short-hand. In 1894 the 
Queen conferred upon him the honor of knighthood. 
Dr. \Vm. T. Harris says: "All short-hand writers in 
the world concede the debt of gratitude due to Isaac 
Pitman as the original inventor of the best system of 
short-hand, and the one which forms the basis for a, 
hundred or more modifications,"' 



200 



En(;i.ani) 



[isi 




EMILY ANNE ELIZA SHIRREPF (En-lisli. 1814- 
3897). with licr sister Mrs. Grey u foremost fliiiinijioii 
of llie hisilier educutiou of women, was tlie ilautrliler 
of an admiral, and while residing at tJibraitar re- 
fleeted on how little her education had done for her. 
and resolved that other women should have a better 
chance. In 1850 the two sisters published " Thoughts 
■ ill Self-Culture ", and in 1858 " The Intellectual Edu- 

■atiiiu of "Women ". In 1871 the.vformed the National 
I nion for the Education of Women, in 1872 theGirls' 
rublio Uav School Co.. and in 1877 the Teachers' 

Triiinino; and Registration Society. In 1876 Miss 
Shirretf became president of the l-'roebel Society, and 
published "Principles of the Kindergarten System "'. 
repulilished in 1880 as "The Kin<lgeri;arten "', and 
repulilished in America. In 1877 appeared her 
"Sketch of Froebel's Life", in 1882, " The Kinder- 
garten at Home "', and in 1892, " Moral Training ". 




JAMES JOSEPH SYLVESTER (English, 1814-1897), 
'• great as a maker of matliematicians no less than of 
malhematics ", after education at Cambridge and 
Dublin became in 1837 professor of natural philoso- 
pliy at University college, Loudon. In 1841 he be- 
came professor of mathematics in the University of 
\irginia, but returned to England in 1845, and was 
for ten years connected with a firm of insurance 
actuaries. From 1855 to 1870 he was professor ot 
mathematics at the Royal military academy, Wool- 
wich. Upon the founding of the Johns Hopkins 
university in 1877 he was made professor of mathe- 
iii.it ics, where he remained till in 1883 he became 
I'lnlessor of geometry at Oxford, remaining till in 
lSi)4 he retired on account of failing health. His 
writings cover some 2.500 quarto pages, and many a 
single "memoir among them would have nitide him 
'Muinenl. luorale.xpression also he riveted attention 



181)7] 



America 



I'OI 




1 J,P,T*^' BBEM-EK AXDEBSOX (AnieriLMn. mh- 
1H91)) :itt(n-t;radualion from WaH'i-ville collc^v in 1840 
iuul a year at Nowton. returned to Waterville as tutor 
and professor. In 1850 he became proprietor of the 
New York Recorder, and in 1853 he Ijecame president 
ot the University of Rochester. In 1870 he was 
elected president of Brown university and when the 
b'redonia normal was started, was offered |5 ooo •f 
year to accept tlie presidency: but Ik- remained at 
K'oohester till failing health compelled him in 1889 to 
withdraw. He was one of the few ideal collejie- 
I'l-esidents— a, man of coniinandiufj presence a^nd 
>ti-ontj personality, who made himself felt by every 
student. A man miirht take a course under Him anil 
stiil be small-niinded. but not without discovering 
that he was small-minded. His discussion of current 
events was in itself worth the entire s<-nior yi-ir in 
college. 




M\BTILLA MINER (American. 181.5-1864) was born 
111 IJrooktield.X. V. In spiteof spinal disease she be- 
^;an teaching at 15, and after service in Rochester and 
IM-oyidence went to Mississippi to instruct a private 
si'hool for planters' daughters. She became inter- 
ested in the education of negroes, and as she could 
not teach them there she went to Washington to found 
.■I norm.-il school for colored girls. She began in 1851 
withac.-ipilalof $100, Inahiredroom witli5i)ii])ils. In 
If^.iS she iM.ii^ht a whole citv square fur i*4,:i(i() (sold in 
isre for ••t^40.000), Harriet IJeeoher Stowe giving her 
*l. 000 from proceeds of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and 
ol her friends contributing. From 18.57 to 1859 she was 
ill, and transferred the care of the school to Emily 
liowland of Sherwood, N. Y.. while she travelled to 
i-'et money for a building. The school was incorpor- 
ated ill 18t53, and the Miner normal school was trans- 
lerred in 1877 to a building costing $37,000. 



202 



.\mK1^1('A 



[ISK; 




ASA DKAKIJOKY LORD (Amorieaii, 1816-1874). 1st 

i-inli'Uilciil al, ( 'i)liiiiibiis. Ollio, ilflcr ediical.ioii 

(' aradc'iiiy al rolsilaiii, N. Y., tautilit in dislricl, 

I ml ill lb(;i7 ill a private school at WillouKli- 

Il(! was principal of the Western Reserve 

seininai'y 1839-47, senilinK out some 800 

In 1H17 lie Ix'caiiie the first sui)erinten(leiil 

s in C(iliiiiil)iis and iiia,ut?urated a system ol' 

hciols 1 hat sniin si)read over the Siate. In 

■^an puljlishiiitr Tlie Ohio Schonl .[(Dirndl. 

!-,a,iiie ill isr,<t 'I'lif Srhooi l-'rhmL When this 

mtiiiued iKMMlilcd T Iw I'lihlir S,ho<)l Adro- 

vate for a year till, The ()hio Jonrnid of Education was 

lieuuii, aiid of (his was residimt editor to the close of 

the lirst volume 111 185(5. In 1854 he succeeded Lorin 

Andrews as aj;ent of (hi' Ohio Stat(^ teachers associa- 

lioii. In IS.")() lieeaiiH^ head of the Ohio Institution for 

the blind, and in 1868 of that at Balavia, N. Y. 




MARY MORTIMKR (Eniilish, 1816-1877). 1st princi- 
pal of ihi' Milw.-iiikee female collej^e. came with her 
r.niiilv to America when four years old, and lived in 
\\ ateiloo, N. Y. At 16 beKan'teachinji-. and in 1841 
bec.-une principal of the female deparlmeiil of tln^ 
itrorkport colk'niate institute. In 1846 she bei-aiiie a 
teacher in the LeRoy female seminary, and in 1850 
eiilcrc'd upon her life work in tlu^ establishment of 
\\w. .Milwauke<' female college, in which (.'atharino 
Keeclwr wasdi'eply Interested. Miss iMortiiner took 
charficM)f the iionn;il ilepartment. In 1852 she became 
one of the managers of the American women's edu- 
cailonal association. In 1857 she took a private 
school In i;iiiilra. and In 1859 went to the female sem- 
inary at liarabcio, Wis., resifjiiinj; in 1868 on account 
of 111 health. In 18t)6 she became once more the head 
of the Mllu'.-uiki'c femah^ collei^c, resi^'iiinii' in 1874, to 
retire to ijuiet country life. 



1S!)S] 



L(»i;i), MoirriMKi;, Cla 




;kj 



'^.1-. 



•20; 5 



NOAH T. CLAUKK (AiiK'i-icaii. 1817 1898), Mi,. \,.s- 

oatu.n. l,„(,n. 18-11 bcranie assistant in Cana a^ a 
a.<-,a<],.niy and in ip snc<-..,.(l,.d Alaivus Willsoi? s 
principal This plar-.. he held uiilil 1882 sci-vin"- 41 
yai-s in thesan,,. school. In this j.osil ionh.- wiHd,., 
nMnarkal.h; nilluonc,. for ili,. upbnildin^. of o , ! 
men He was so thorouu'lily a man. so Tvpieall a 
wnlloinan.sosynii.alheti.-andhelpfnlandi lspi,•in.' 
lh.atmanyal,oy was ifted by contart with liini out 
"\ Ihe eoimnonplaeo inio tlie ideal, and carried on lo 
hiL:h worth and uselnlness. He was prominent in all 
ti'Mviiers a.ssocin,tions, a,nd always a valued counse" 




ANOJIIKR I'OIM'KAIT 



204 



England 



[1817 




BENJAMIN .lOWETT (EnKlish, 1817-1893) was born 
at-Cuniberwell. London. He was a lonely boy, and 
his early life was a stru<;<?le. Bnt he was graduated 
from Oxford, and became regius professor of Greek, 
for a time without salary. In 1S70 he was made mas- 
ter of Haliol college, and in IW^^ vic-i'-chancellor of 
the university, rendering eminent service in all these 
offices. He is i)erhaps the only teacher of liis day to 
be compared with Thomas Arnold. He had "a little 
liuure with a high forhead and whitening hair and 
I lie look of a saint". He was a famous classical 
scholar: his translations of Plato, Thucydides, and 
Aristotle are beyond comparison the best published. 
For he was also a master of English prose. Walter 
Pater says : '"He seemed to have taken the measure 
not merely of all opinions, but of all possible ones, 

"••nd to have put the last refinements on literary 

txpression." 



1901] 



Scotland 



205 




ALEXANDER BAIN (Scotch. 1818- ), the apostle of 
Ijhysiciil psycholofiy, after graduation from Aber- 
deen university in 1840 taught there till in 1845 lie was 
made professorof physics in the Andersonian univer- 
sity, Glasgow. P>om 1847 to 1850 he was assistant 
secretary of the Metropolitan sanitarv commission 
from 1857 to 1862, and from 1864 to 1869he was exam- 
iner in logic and moral philosophv in the University 
of London, and in 1860 he became' professor of lo"ic 
in the University of Aberdeen. He had done nuu-h 
writing when in "The Senses and the Intellect" 
(185.5) and "The Emotions and the Will" (18.59) he 
made public his views of psvchologv, based upon the 
study of mental effects from their phvsical side. Later 
works are " The Study of Character" (1861) " Mental 
and Moral Science" (1868), " Logic. Deductive and 
Inductive" (1870), "Mind and Body" (1873) and 
" Education as a Science " (1878). 



206 



America 



[1818 




HENRY DRISLER (American. 1818-1897) after 
'/viiduntion from Columbia in 1839 became classical 
in^t^acto^• in the grammar seliool. In 1813 he was 
inndi' tutor and in 1845 adjunct professor in classics. 
Ill 1S57 lie became professor of Latin, and in 1867 he 
<uiM-,eeded Dr. Anthon as professo^of Greek. During 
l»r. Barnard's absence in 1878 ai" after his death in 
IS79, Prof. Drisler acted as president until the elec- 
tioii of President Low, when he became dean of the 
^■•liool of arts. He retired in 1894, and the Drisler 
pnifessorship of classical philology was founded in 
his lionor. He collaborated with Prof. Anthon in 
many of his text-bool-cs, prepared an enlarged edi- 
tion of Youge's English-Greek dictionary, assisted 
in the compilation of Johnson's encyclopa?dia, and 
was an associate editor of the Oxford edition of 
Liddell & Scott's Greek dictionary (1883). He was 
the general editor of the Harper editions of classics. 




MARIA MITCHELL (American, 1818-1889), assisted 
hi^r father, who tauglit school in Nantucket. Mass.. in 
his astronomical studies. Later she studied under 
Charles Peirce, and became his assistantin his school 
at, Nantucket. She was appointed librarian of the 
Nantucket athenaeum. She continued her astrono- 
mical studies, and gave special attention to neublae 
;ind comets. She received in 1847 a gold medal from 
the king of Denmark for the discovery of a comet, a 
Miciiioir on which she published in the Smithsonian 
contribulions. She was emijloyed upon the coast 
survey and as one of thecom]nilers upon the nautical 
iilmanac. She visited Europe in IH.'i.s, and on her re- 
turn received through Elizabeth Peabody the gift of 
a large telescope. In 1865 she became professor of 
astronomy at Vassar, where she continued a syste- 
matic course of scientific observations, .and exerted 
in\ich inlluenci,' through her ni.-irked pi^rsoiiality. 



1897] 



Fkke Schools in New Yohk 



•207 




VICTOR MOREAU RICE (American. 1818-1869), after 
graduation from Allcuhany college iu 1841 studied 
law iu Buffalo with Millard Fillmore, and iu 1843 be- 
came a partner with John Drow in " The Buffalo hijih 
school ". Iu 1846 he became editor of The Cataract. 
In 1818 ho begau teachiuK iu the public schools of 
liulfalo. and in 1851 was elected superiuteudeut: it 
was largely by his efforts that iu 1853 the central 
hijih school was estaiilislied. He was State superin- 
tendent, 1854-7 and 1862-8, and iu the interim served 
in the legislature. In his first report he made seven 
i-pc(iinmeudatious, all of which were subsequently 
ii.loiiicd: among them that more normal schools be 
rrrati'd, and the school laws be codified. He iilso suc- 
ceeded in 1867 in doing away with the rate-bill sys- 
tem, and making the schools free. In 1868 he became 
president of th<! American Popular life insurance 
company, and later of the Metropolitan bank. 



208 



America 



[ISIO 




EBKNEZER DODGE (American, 1819-1890). 4th pres- 
idf'iit.of Colgate university, after graduation from 
Brown in 1840 taught two years in Shelburne Falls, 
Mass.. and was graduated (rom Newton in 1845. After 
a vearas instructor in Hebrew in Kentuclcy, he was 
pastor for 7 years in Kew Hampshire, and became 
professor at Colgate in 1853 of biblical criticism, and 
in 1861 of christian theology. In 1868 he was elected 
president, and so remained till his death. This period 
■was one of prosperity for the university, due largely 
to the confldenceinspired by his profound scholarship 
and high character, and is recorded in '"The first 
Half Centurvof Colgate University " (1872). He was 
a man of profound thought and broad views, and 
stood in the front rank of Baptist theologians. He 
was a power in debate, and exerted strong personal 
influence. He published •■ Kvidences of Christianity •' 
(1868) and " Lectures on Cliristian Theology" (1883), 




FREDEIIICK DAN HUNTIXfJTON (American, 1819-), 
after gra,duation from Amherst in 1H3',), studied theol- 
ogv at Cambridge, and in 1842 l)iM-:nii(" i>astorof the 
Soiith church, Boston. In 1855 he w ,is chn^i-n preach- 
er and professor of Christian miir:ils .it Harvard. His 
theological views changed, and in 1860 he was admit- 
ted to the Episcopal ministry. In 1864 he resigned 
his office at Harvard to become rector of Emanuel 
church, Boston, and in .869 he was elected bishop of 
Central New Yorlc. He was one of the founders of 
the Church Monthly, and has written several religious 
books. His greatest service to education is his ad- 
dress on "Unconscious Tuition '", first delivered be- 
fore the American Institute of Instruction in 1855, 
and since then known all over the \vorld. For forty 
years it has been regarded the most stimulating and 
helpful book that cau be put into a young teacher's 
hands. 



190]] 



England 



209 




WILLIAM EDWARD FORSTEB (English, 1819- 
1886) married tlie i-ldcsl dau'^lilc-r of Thomas Arnold 
oT Ruuby, and in ISfil uuleriHl parliament. In 1868 
lie became vice-president of the Couneil on Educa- 
tion, entered Gladstone's cabinet in 1870. and intro- 
duced the Elementary Education bill. He showed 
V investiKiition that the voluntary system was in- 
lequate, and his bill created scliool boards with 
iw(!r to levy rates for maiutaiuins schools, and to 
impel attendance. No catechism or formulary of 
ly religious denomination was permitted, and" the 
•lionls were put under government inspection. In 
;; 1 he visited the United States, and in 187.5 was 
'i-ii'd Lord Rector of Aberdeen university. In 1880 
■ lii'came chief-secretary for Ireland, but resigned 
ill l^s-2. " His undoubted patriotism, his great abil- 
iiii-. and his sturdy independence will give liiin an 
honorable place among Britisli statesmen." 




JOHN UUSKIN (English, 1819-1900) after gradua- 
tion from Oxford in 1843 hesitated between the Church 
and art, but chose the latter, and in ISiS published 
the first volume of " Modern Painters ", which im- 
mediately made him famous as an art critic. He de- 
■l.ired his theory that nature must be followed im- 
hliciily, everv alteration coming from powerless in- 
lolnice or liHnd audacity; and he made Turner its 
■liief exjionent. He spent some years in Italy, but 
111 18.58 became professor in the Cambridge school of 
art, in 1867 lecturer at Cambridge. He was professor 
of flue art at Oxford 1869-79 and 1883-85. The Ruskin 
museum at Sheffield contains his art treasures. He- 
sid(!s his numerous works on art. he did much for the 
social condition of workmen, his best-known lec- 
tures being gathered in " Fors Clavigera" (1871-84). 
In ediieatioh he insisted on the dominance of moral 
ideas, and the essentialuess of first-hand study. 



210 



England 



[1819 




CHARLES KIXGSLEY (English, 1819-1875) after 
gradualioii from Cambridge became rector at Evers- 
ley ia Hampshire, which was thereafter his home, 
and where he died. He was professor of English liter- 
ature 111 Queens college, and from]1860 to 1869 he was 
professor of modern history at Cambridge. ]n 1845 
he was appointed canon at Middleham, in 1863 at 
Chester, and In 1873 at \Vestminster. From the first 
he was keenly sensible of the wants of the poor, and 
he threw himself into the movement for Christian 
socialism headed by Frederick Maurice. In this 
spirit he wrote "Yeast "and "Alton Locke". In 
1854 he wrote " Alexandria and her Schools ", in 1869 
"Madam How and Lady Why", in 1872 "Town 
Geology ", in 1874 "Health and" Education ". Both 
as a writer and in his personal intercourse with men 
he was a stimulating teacher. As a novelist his chief 
power lay in description. 




.JOHN TYXDALL (English. 18->0-1893). investigator 
of raidant heat, was educated in the national public 
schools, and in 1839 joined the Irish ordnance survey. 
In 1841 an official sutrgested to him better use of his 
leisure hours, and for twelve years he was always at 
ills liiioks by five o'clock in the morning. In 1844 he 

I aiiie a railway engineer, but gave it up in 1847 to 

tiarli ill Queenswood college. In 1848 he went to the 
I nivcrsity of Marburg to study under Hansen, being 
Liradualed in 1850. In 1853 he' became professor of 
natural ])hilosophy in the Royal institution, where he 
was the colleague'of Faraday. In 1867 he succeeded 
Faraday as superintendent.' In 1849 he visited the 
Alps, and thereafter became an enthusiastic nioun- 
lain climber, and iiiad<! important researches as to 
ghicicrs. From 1859 to 1871 he studied radiant heat 
anil established new theories. He was a famous lec- 
turer, ami delivered a course in America, 1873-4. 



11 )()()] 



KlXGSLEY, TyNDALL, SpENCER 



211 




HERBERT SPENTKR (English, 1890-) Is the son 
of a private teaclier, liis grandfather and his iincle 
being also teachers. He did not learn to read till 
he was seven, hut was encoui-aged to keep insects 
tlirough their translormations, and to draw fi-orc 
objects. He was educated to be a civil engineer 
and in 1838 became aa assistant on one of the rail- 
ways. In 1848 he began writing " Social Statistics " 
and completed tlie first volume in 1850, having be- 
come in tlie mean time sub-editor of T7ie Fxono' 
mist. In 1855 he publislied "Tlie Principle? of Psy- 
chology", and thougli his health trave wav for the 
time, he has continued the worlc hiid our, and pub- 
lished volume after volume ot liis iihilosniihicai 
•ludertaking. His "Education, Intfllecfual, Moral 
and Physical " is one or the few great books upon 
the subject, and has influet led all subsequent dls- 
ijusslona. 



212 



New York 



[1820 




CHARLES T. POOLER (American. 1820-1897) for 
iiuuiy years an institiuo instructor, after graduation 
from Wf'sleyan in 1844 Isecame principal of the Mid- 
dli'town hi'ih scliool, and afterward taught in Canton 
:iinl Oi^dcnslnirs, X. Y. He was admitted to the bar 
ill 1849, l)ut taught for three years in Potsdam, and 
then opened a privati; academy which he continued 
for four years. He was superintendent of schools in 
Akron, 6., 1857-60, principal of Deansville academy 
18(50-63, and school commissioner 1863-71!, after which 
lie ga\'e himself entirely to conducting institutes. He 
i-oniliii-!i-(l his first institute in 1860, and had continued 
iIm' wc.rk since. He was the first president of the 
siiiii' iissciri:ition of school commissioners. He pub- 
lished "'A Chart of Civil Government", and '" Hints 
on Teaching Orthoepy". His work was especially 
directed to the practical assistance of country school 
teachers, whose limitations he never forgot. 




EDWARD NORTH (American, 1820—), after grad- 
uation from Hamilton in 1843 was for a year a private 
tutor, and tlieu read law, but in 1841 was elected pro- 
fessor of ancient languages at Hamilton, where he 
has been for more than half a century a powerful and 
healthful influence upon every student. As a teacher 
of Greek he has made the language loved for his sake 
lis well as for its own. He illustrated one of the 
l.eculiarities of his teaching in a paper before the 
Tui versify convocation in 1863 on " Use of the Black- 
l,u;ird in teaching Greek ". In 1845 he was one of the 
Iniiiiders of the State teachers association, and hi 
I si-,:i its president. Since 1855 he has been the necrol- 
oi-^t of the Hamilton alumni, and since 1856 has 
edited Alumniana in the Hamilton Monthly. He was 
also for several years necrologist of the .University 
convocation. His memory extends over every Ham- 
ilton graduate of the last 60 years. 



1901] 



America 



213 




HERVEY BACKUS WILBUR (American, 1820-1883). 
Ibt supcriiiteudent of tlie Syracuse institution for tin," 
tt>ebli'-miuiled, after graduation from Amherst in 
1838 and the Berl<shire medical institution in 1842. 
studied en>;ineerins,and practised medicine at Lowell 
and at Harro, Mass. In 1847 he read of Dr. SeKuiii's 
school for training idiots, and s(!Ut for his book, which 
led Ur. Wilbur to establish first a school in his own 
house, and afterward an experimental school at Al- 
ii un which in 1854 became the State institution in 
s\ 1 ,. u^( . Dr. Willjur was made superintendent, and 
Di s. ,11111 afterward worked for a time with htm. 
in lh71 he published a paper arguing that moral 
causes were often productive of insanity, and that 
niortil treatment should be largely used for reinetly, 
which led to a long controversy. His report that 
Knglish methods of managing the insane were in 
uuuiy ways superior led to many reforms. 




SAMUEL G. LOVE (American, 1821-1893), for 2.'. 
years superintendent at Jamestown, X. V., after 
graduation from Hamilton in 1846, studied law, but 
became a teacher in Buffalo. He afterward taught at 
Gowanda, was princii)al of Chamberlain institute 
1850-53and 1859-64, and in 1865 l:>ecame superintendent 
at Jamestown, resigning in 1890 to become librarian. 
He made the Jamestown schools remarkable for be- 
ing in advance of other schools of the times. He in- 
troduced physica,! culture, vocal music, and maiuial 
training long before they were usually thought practi- 
cable. He was a naturalist and gathered a large muse- 
um. He was a leader in associations, and through his 
training classes sent out young men and women in- 
spired with enthusiasm" for teaching. His reports 
were valuable documents, and his printed addresses 
were widely read. He published '"Industrial Rdu- 
cation, a Givide to Manual Training " (1887). 



214 



England 



[1820 




EmVARD THRINf! (Enfrllsli, 18Jil-lR89), vmo ranks 
sccDiid only to Tliuiaas Arnold among tlie EngUsli 
S( huuliiiasters of this century, became lieacl-mastet 
of Uppuigliam School in 1853. It was then a school- 
house and schooh'oom with 25 pupils, which had 
grown in 1887 so as to employ a staff of 33 masters. 
He was a ri,<^''id disciplinarian, ar.l Insisted that II 
one Ijoy did -w mn'^- it was lii-cause the rest approved, 
and punislii'd tlieni all. ISut lie had intense feeling 
lor the worth ol a life,— of every life ; and he spared 
nothing to give to every boy that Individual training 
which would do most to develop the best in liim to 
Its Lig'hest. His pervading humor was also a power. 
His best known work is "Education and School" 
(1867). A volume ol his " Addresses " was published 
in 1890, and " Uppingham LjTics " in 1887. " A Mem- 
oiy of Edward Thring," by John Huutley Skrlne waa 
pi.ijlished in 1889. 



1895] 



America 



215 




THEODOUE WILLIAM DWKJHT (Americun, 1822- 
1892), 1st wai'ileu of the Columbia law school, after 
i;radaatloii from Hamilton in 1840 and the Yale law 
school in 1842 became in 1846 professor of law at Ham- 
ilton, and in 1858 at Columbia, where he was soon 
made warden of the law school, and became recoji- 
uized as one of the great teachers of the century. 
He was elected non-resident professor of consti- 
tutional law at Cornell (1868), and lecturer at Am- 
iierst (1869). He was a member of the New York 
constitutional convention of 1867, vice-president of 
of the New York State commissioners of public 
charities, president of the New York prison associa- 
tion, and a member of the "committee of seventy " 
of New York city. In 1874 he was made a judu(^' of 
the commission of appeals. Besides his leffal works 
he joined with Dr. Wines in publishing " Prisons and 
Reformatories in the United States " 




X0B3IAN ALLISON CALKINS (American, 1822- 
l.^ti.")) ijiM-ame a teacher at 18, first at Castile, N. Y., 
and lh''n at Gainesville, where he became principal. 
In 1845-6 he was town superintendent. In 1846 he re- 
moved to New York, and conducted teachers insti- 
tutes. From 1863 to his death he was assistant su- 
[•■rintendent of schools in New York. He was also 
Mofessorof methods and principles of teaching in 
I '."' Saturday sessions of the Normal college, 1870-80. 
lb' was president of the N. E. A. in 1886, and always 
one of its most trusted counsellors. He was treas- 
urer of the American Congregational union 18.57-83. 
He publish d The Student for ten years, and was the 
author of several text-books, including "Primary 
Object Lessons " (1861, 1870), " Phonic Charts " (1869), 
" Manual of Object Teaching" (1881). " From Black- 
board to Books" (1883). He selected and classified 
Prang's natural history series (1873). 



216 



England 



[1822 




ALFRED KLSSEL WALLACE (Kiijilibh, 18:i2- ) 
devotfd hini.scir eiirlv id niituriil liistory, and ex- 
plored the forests of"i;r;r/.il 1848-52, and the Malay 
archi peUiso 1854-62. While making his investigations 
here he reached entirely independent of Mr. Uarwin 
the same general conclusions as to natural seleeti<ni, 
his paper before the Linnaean society and Mr. Dar- 
win's being read coincidently in 18.'i8. His "Contribu- 
tions 1o Natural Selection" was publishedin 1870, and 
" Darwinism " in 1889. His belief in spiritualism is 
shown in "On Miracles and IModern Spiritualism" 
(187.5). Heopposed compulsory vacoinationin "Regis- 
tration Statistics " (188.5). He devoted several years 
to cataloguing his 100,000 entomological specimens 
and 8,000 birds. Hesides his books of travel, he has 
published "Tlie Geographical Distribution of Ani- 
mals "(1876), which founded a new strience: "Land 
Nationalisation " (1882); and " Bad Times " (1885). 




MATTHEM' ARNOLD (English, 1822-1895) eldest son 
of Dr. 'I'lionias Arnold, after graduation from O.xford 
in 1845 «as for a time secretary to Lord Lansdowne, 
and became in 1851 inspector of schools, which office 
he held till death. In 1857 he was elected professor of 
lioci ry at O.xford, and gave lect \u-es t here for ten years. 
I II ist'io was made foreign ;i-.>i si ;i m cuiiinissioner, and 
li.' piihlished "A French lOhui. m- ,M iddle Chiss Kduca- 
I iiiu and theState ", " I'opular iMlucation in France ", 
a ad " Schools and I'niversilieson the Continent". As 
■A writer he stands high both as critic and poet. It is 
liis theory that in culture the remedy for evils of mis- 
uovernment is to acquaint ourselves with the best 
I hat has been said and known in this world. He is 
often called the apostle of "sweetness and light". 
His verse is Greek in form and pantheistic in feeling, 
yet with a vein of Christian reverence in which faith 
and doubt are mingled. 



1901] 



A:\rKRTrA 



217 




BEXX PITMAN (Ku-lisli. 1822-) with two other 
bi'ollii'i-s (il Sir Isaac I'iliiiaii. wliose " Steuojiraphio 
Siuiiid Hand '• was imblishcd in 1837. was from 1842 
to 18o2 associated witli Sir Isaac in travelling throu"h 
KnKliind lecturing' and giviuji lessons in phonog- 
raphy. In 1853 he came to America and founded 
the Phonographic Institute, Cincinnati. His flr,st 
Manual was published in 1855, and bv 1860 his first 
scries of text-books was completed. Revised editions 
were issued in 1885 and in 1897. He lias not followed 
the changes in vocalization made bv Sir Isaac in 1857 
but adheres to the original plan, as "simpler. Graham" 
also adheres to this plan while Rlunson adopts the 
changes of 1857. In 1893 the Benn Pitman svstem 
was used by more than one-third of all the teacliers of 
short-hand in America. He was recorder of militarv 
commissions for the V. S. govurameut, 1863 to 1867 
and general reporter to 1873. 




DAXA POND COLBUKN (American. 1833-1859), the 
malliematiral author, a.ftia- graduation from tin; 
IJriiluewater normal in 18-13 taught district schools in 
IM.iss.icliusetts and in East Ureenwich, R. I. His 
tearhiug of arithmetic attracted the attention of 
IbiraceMann, and in 1848 he was made one of thi; 
board of institute instructors. He was assistant in 
tli(! Uridgewatcr normal 1848-50, and in 1852 opened a 
private normal school in Providence, R. I. In 1854 
tliis became a State institution, and Mr. Colburn was 
made its first principal. He taught because he loved 
to teach, and liis classes, thouuh always hard work- 
ing, abounded in joy and laughter. His "First Steps 
in Numbers" (1847)" was followed by his "Decimal 
System ", " Interest and Discount ", "Arithmetic and 
its Applications" (1855), "Common School Arithme- 
tic " (1858i, "Child's IJook of Arithmetic ", and " In- 
tellectual Arithmetic " (1859). 



218 



England 



[1823 




EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEJIAX (Eimlisli, 182;U 
1892). till- historiiiu, after becoiiuiiii- scholar at Oxford 
in 1841. fellow in 1845, and examiner in 1857, 18ti:?, and 
1873, in 1884 became Rejjius professor of modern his- 
tory. His historical works are nnmerous, including 
"History of the Saracens " (1856), '• History of Fed- 
eral Government" (1863), "History of the Norman 
Conquest" (1867-72), " Old English History" (1869), 
"Historical Essays" (1871-73, 1892), "General Sketch 
of European History " (1872), " Growth of the English 
Constitution" (1873). "The Ottoman Power in Eu- 
rope " (1877), " The Historical Geon;raph.y of Europe " 
(1881). "TheReisnof William Rufus " (1882), "Chief 
Periods of Eurojjean History " (1886), " Methods of 
Historical Study " (1885)," George VVa.shington " (1888), 
"William the Conqueror" (1888), " The History of 
Sicily" (1891-92); besides works on architecture," and 
'■ Lectures to American Audiences" (1883). 




FUIEDKICH MAX-MOLLER (German, 1823-1900), 

son of the distinguished lyric poet, after graduation 
from Leipzig in 1843 made" Sanskrit his special pur- 
suit. He went to London, and in 1847 was commis- 
sioned by the East India company to edit the Rig- 
Veda at "their expense. In 18.50 he became professor 
at Oxford of modern languages; in 1866 of compara- 
tive philology. His treatises on philological topics 
have done more than those of any other single scholar 
to awaken interest in the science of Inngu.-ige, the best 
known being "The Science of Language" (1861-3) 
a rid •' ( 'hips from a German Workshop " (1868-75), In- 
hiTiling his father's jioetic imagination, he illustrates 
what are ordinarily dry subjects with a felicity that 
m.ikesthem attractive. Tlie successful anonymous 
Cii'i-iiian novel "Deutsche Liel)e " is also atlribuled 
(o him. He was a commander of the Legion of Honor 
uud member of the Privv Council. 



lUOl] 



America 



219 




JONATHAN ALLEN (Ainpi-ioan, 1823-1892) after 
Kradu.'itiou iii 184t) rroni OIktIjh became principal of 
Allred Academy and secured for it a charter as Al- 
fred I'niversiiy. He was elected the first president, 
but declined in favor of his elder colleague, Wm. C. 
Keiiyon. becoming president upon Dr. Kenyon's re- 
tirement in 1867, holding that office till his'death, a 
(luarter of a century later. His especial pride was 
tlie Steiuheiin building, with its fine collection of 
minerals. He was also an infhirnlial cI'tux man, 
tlie organizer and for manv years iMi-r.',i>(,ndi n- sec- 
retary of the Seventh-Day-Kaptist IvIu.-.-n ion S.i.'iety, 
and several limes president of the general conference 
of that deiK.uiiuaiidn. In accordance with his wish 
his body was crrmaied, and the ashes were deposited 
in a Greek vase of wliite alaliaster, one of the treas- 
ures of th(? Steinheim building. He impressed a 
genuine manhood upon two generations of students. 




ANSON JUDD UPSON (Amerii'aii, 1823—). 12(lt 
chaucellor of tlie University of the ,Sta,te of >'ew 
York, after graduation from Hamilton in 1843 studied 
law. but in 1845 was elected tutor in Hamilton, and 
in 1849 adjunct professor, and in 1853 professor of 
logic, rhetoric, and elocution. Here he did much to 
nniintain the high standard of oratory established l)y 
Prof. ]\Iandeville. In 1868 he was ordained to the 
miiiisiry. and from 1870 to 1880 was pastor of the 2d 
I'ri'sliyicrian churcli, Albany; professor of rhetoric 
in till' Auburn theological seminary 1880-87, and sinc(! 
then professor emer.tus, taking up his residence in 
Glens Falls. In 1874 he was elected a regent of the 
University of the State ol' Xew York, and in 1892 be- 
came chancellor. M;iny of his sermons, addresses, 
and lectures have been i)ublislied. He has been a 
frecjuent contributor to the periodical jiress, and is 
always a welcome speaker upon the platform. 



220 



America 



[182.^ 




EDWARD AUSTIN SHELDON (American, 1823-1897) 
alter tliree \i'!ir.s :it lliuniltcm rollege had plamicd to 
study theology when lie was inado teacher of a school 
iu Oswesio for orplians and children of poor parents, 
lu 1851 he became superiulendeiit of schools iu Syra- 
cuse, but in 1853 came l)ack to Oswego as clerk of the 
hiiard of education. While visitinfj; Toronto he saw- 
in the museum the appliances of the London Home 
and Colonial training scliool, and in 1859 he intro- 
duced object-lessons into llie Owego schools. He 
persuaded some of the teacliers to give up half their 
salaries so as to bring over from London one of the 
Home and Colonial teachers, and in spite of opposi- 
tion he succeeded in making object-teaching a recog- 
nized method. In 1869 tlie city training school be- 
came a State normal school, and he remained princi- 
pal of it till his death. Here he accomplished a noble 
work»for New York and for education everywhere. 




M. A. NEWELL (Irish, 1824-1893). for nearly 25 years 
Slate superintendent of Maryland, after graduation 
from Trinity college, Dublin in 1845, taught two years 
iu the Mechanics institute, Liverpool. In 1848 he 
came to Baltimore to visit relatives, became a private 
tutor, and afterward professor of natural sciences iu 
the City college. Afterward he was for a time pro- 
fessor "in Madison college, butbame back to Balti- 
more and established a " Commercial and collegiate 
institute ". The war made this unprofitable and he 
became principal of No. 1, afl-erward going to Pitts- 
burg to teach with hiscousins inthe Newell institute. 
In 1865 he became first princii)al of the State normal 
at Baltimore, and in 1867 State superintendent. He 
held both offices til 1 1890. A fterward for many years 
he conducted the Manjland SchoolJournnl, he edited 
a series of readers, did institute work, and in 1876 was 
president of the N. E. A, 



1897] 



8riEi>Dox, Newell, Johowot, Fren*!! 



•221 




JAMES JOHONNOT (Auiericnu, 1823-1888) was born 
in Vermont and tauuht there four years. In 1845 he 
became principal of the Jefferson school, Syracuse, 
but had leave of absence to attend tlie Albany nor- 
mal from which he w;is smdiialcil in 18-18. In l'854 he 
became the first State a}ient of tin; State teachers as- 
sociation, at a salary of $1,000. Tliis histed only a 
year, when in connection with IMr. Criittenden he 
did independent institute work. In 18.i7 he assisted 
Dr. French in preparing' the gazetter of the State, 
and in 1860 became principal of the high school at 
Joliet, 111. In 1872 he became principal of the State 
normal school at Warrensburg. Mo., and in 1875 of 
the school at Deposit. N. V. In 1876 he removed to 
Ithaca and began to do institnt(! work. He was one 
of the first four regularly apiiointed Slate institute 
conductors, continuing as long as his health pre- 
mitted. He was also the author of many te.\t-books. 




JOHX JI. FRENCH (American, 1824-1888), the author 
;ind institute conductor, began teaching at 17, and at 
21 undertook a revision of Adams's arithmetic, event- 
ually going to Keene, N. H., to complete it. He wrote 
three other books in that series. He was then prin- 
c'iljal at Clyde, N. Y., and at Newton, Conn., and in 
1831 prepared a set of arithmetical charts that had 
l.-irge sale. He then began publishing local maps, and 
ill 1856 undertook a map and ga/.etteer of the State of 
\('\v York. Dr. French was also employed in the 
revision of Robinson's arithmetics, and he published 
.iiiothcr set of arithmetics in his own name. In 1866 
he hiM-:une superintendent of schools in Syracuse, re- 
sinning to become princijial of the Albany model 
school. He was State superintendent of Vermont 
1870-73, superintendent in Burlington 1873-5, and 
principal of the Indiana (Pa.) normal 1878-81. His 
last years were spent in institute instruction. 



'^99 



Ami:i!Tca 



[1824 




GEORGE LOOMIS FARXHAM (American, 1824- 
lOoit). Mtillior ol' the siMil.Mict' iiu'tliod of teiicliino 
n-iKliiiLi:, hi^jjau in 18-15 to tuncli in (he schools of 
WiiltM-town, M. Y., and after graduat.iiis from the Al- 
bany normal in 1847 taught at Adams, and in 1850 be- 
came principal of a Syracuse grammar school, lie 
resigned to take (-barge of a girls school in Indiiin- 
apolis. but returned to Syracuse, and in 1855 beiMuie 
superintendent of schools. From 1863 to 1869 he \va.s 
engaged in business, but wa.s superintendentof I5ing- 
hanitou schools 1869-1875. and principal of a ward 
school 1878-80, when he became superintendent at 
( 'ouncil IJlulfs, la. Here he remained till elected prin- 
cii>al of tlie State normal school at Peru, Neb., aftiT 
retirement from whiclihe lived in (Jalif(n'nia. After 
giving the subject much studyhe introduced in 1871 
the Sentence method of teaching n-ading. of which 
his mnnnal puIiIIsIhmI is I lie standard li'\t-l)ii(ik. 




ANDREW JACKSON RICKOFF (American. 1824- 
1899), often called ihe father of the American graded 
school, after education at tln^ \Voodwar<l College, 
Cincinnati, began to teach at 17. He «as for 5 years 
superint(Mident at Portsmouth, ()., principal and 5 
years superintendent in Cincinnati, and for 9 years 
conducted a private school, serving for 2 years as 
president of the board of educa,tion. From 1867 to 
1882 he was superintendent in Cleveland, and made 
its schools famous, the e.xhibit at the Centennial Ex- 
position b(!ing considered the most representative of 
American education. In 1882 he was ma.de superin- 
tendent at Yonkers. X. Y., resigning to give his at- 
tention to his text-books. In 1855 he wiis president of 
tli(^ Oliio Slate association, and in 1859of the National 
a,ssociali(Ui. His jiersonal iiualities made him the 
liayard of (Ii<' .Vnu'rican le;icliers of this century— 
our kiiiglil uilhnut fear ami wilhoul rejiroacli. 



1900] 



Fahniiam, Riokoff, Curtis 



223 




GKORGK WILLIAM CURTIS (American. 1824-1892), 
13tli (.•h.-iucc-lliii' cif the L'niversity of tlie State of New 
York, was fur a time a clerl< in a business house, but 
in 1842 went with his brother to l{rool< Farm. ]n 
1846 he travelled abroad, and on his return published 
■'NMle Notes of the Ilawadji " (18ol) and '•'I'he How- 
adji in Syria" (1852). He becatue editor of Put- 
nam's Muy;azine and financially interested. Its fail- 
ure involved him in debt that was a burden most of 
his life. He became a popular, lecturer and from 1853 
until Ills death edited '• The Easy Chair " in Harper's 
Monthly. He was also editor of Harper's Weekly 
from it.s establishment in 1857. He was from 1871 at 
the head of the movement for civil service reform. 
He became a regent of the University of the State of 
New "i'ork in 1864, and chancellor in 1890. Anions; 
his books were "Lotus Eatinsr " (1852),"' Potiphar 
Papers " (1853), " Prue and I " (1856), " Trumps"(1862). 



224 



England 



[1824 




iJOSHrA G. FITCH (English, 18S4-) was maiulj- 
self-educated, and while In University ('(lUege, Lon- 
don, was t)ceasional tutor In the normal department 
Of the Ihitish and Foreign School Society. In 1852 
he was made vice-principal of their normal college 
in the Bort)Ugh Road, and in 185C became principal. 
In 1S03 he was made inspector of schools, in 1877 be- 
came one of the chief inspectors for the eastern 
counties, and subsequently became inspector of 
training colleges for schoolmistresses. In 1894 lie 
was retired on half-pay, having reached the extreme 
limit of age permitted. Outside his official duties 
he was from l8G5 to 1869 assistant commissioner on 
Lord Taunton's Schools Inquiry Commission, and 
served on another commission in 1869. In 1888 he 
was sent to visit and repoi't on the United States. 
His " Lectures on Teaching ", " Art of Questioning ", 
and "Alt of Securing Attention ', are well known. 



%"^- 




TH<)JiAS mXLEY (English, 162.5-1893) , studied 
medicine, and (uiteriug the navy became assistant- 
surgeon on the lUiiili-snaKe. This vessel was com- 
missioned to exploi-ation near Australia, and Hux- 
l-'y devoted himself to study of the marine animals 
collected, writing scientific papers upon them. 
These were pui)lished, and when lie returned to 
England lie l)epan_ arranging his accumulation of 
facts and oV)servatious. In 18.54 he was made pro- 
fessor in the Royal School of Mines, and subsequent- 
ly became Hun erian professor to the Royal College 
of surgeons. In 1872 he was elected rector of Aber- 
deen University. He was a member of the London 
school board till 1872, and has written much on edu- 
cational subieits, vol. III. of his "Collected Es- 
sa.ys"' being entitled " Science and Education ". He 
was naturally a strong advocate o£ scleutiflc edu- 
cation. 



an<)iiii;k I'di; ri;A r 



15)00] 



America 



225 




JAMES PYLE WICKERSHAM (American, 1825- 
1891) began teachino; at 16, and at 20 became princi- 
pal of the Marietta academy. Pa. In 1854 he was 
elected first superintendent of schools in Lancaster 
county, at $1500, the hishest salary paid in the State 
and in 1855 he opened a normal institute that in 1859 
liecame the State normal school at ]\lillersville. He 
was principal until 1866, when he became State super- 
intendent, which office he held for 14 years, during- 
which period the State made great advance. 'He wa's 
offlcially editor of the School Journal; he was au- 
thor of two pedagogical works of wide sale, "School 
Economy" and " Methods of Instruction"; and his 
last work was a "History of Education in Pennsyl- 
vania" that will always be the standard authority- 
When the confederate army in 1863 entered Pennsy'l- 
fania, he dismissed his school, started for the front, 
and served seven weeks at the head of a regiment 




SAMUEL GARDINER WILLIAMS (American, 1827- 
190U), ilicc(lni-;iii(jnal histdriau, after graduation from 
Ilamillou in l«.iO w.is principal at tirotou 1853-56 and 
1858-9, at Seneca Falls 18.56-7, at Ithaca, 1860-69, and 
of the central high school. Cleveland, Ohio, 1869-79. 
In 1879 he became professor of geology at Cornell, and 
in IwsRihe first professor of the art and science of 
I'^arliinu' there, which position he resigned in 1898. 
While here he wrote his " History of Modern Educa- 
I ion ", which became the standard text-book upon the 
subject. He was president of the Kew York State 
teachers association in 1867, and chairman of the 
executive committee of the University convocation 
in 1883. He was a frequent speaker, and his genial 
face and pleasant manner made him one of the best- 
known men in educational work. He collected a 
hirge pedagogical library, being ahvavs on the look- 
out for rare yolumes. 



226 



America 



[1827 




JOSEPH BALDWIN (American, 1827-1899) attev 
grailuiitiou I'rdiii ISi'lliany College in 1852 and teach- 
ins iti Missouri, in 1856' spent some montlis in the 
Millersville normal, and in 1857 establislied tlie nor- 
mal school at Kolvomo, Ind. In 1867 lie started the 
normal school at Kirlvsville. Mo., at first a private 
venture, but throujih his influence made in 1870 the 
first ol' a State system of normal schools. During 
the 14 years he remained here he gave more than 1000 
addresses, worlved in more than 1.50 institutes, and 
wrote his "School Management" (1881). From 1881 
to 1891 he was president of the State normal at 
Huntsville, Texas, lecturing all over the State, and 
writing his "Elementary Psychology" (1887). In 
1891 he became professor of pedagogy in the univers- 
ity of Texas, and in 1897 emeritus professor. Here 
lie wrote "Psychology applied to tejiehing" (1892), 
and ■■ School managi'iiii'iit .-iiid methods "' (1897). 




ABSALOM (JUAVKS GAIXKS (American, 1827-) 
3d iiresident of St. Lawrence universitv, after grad- 
uation from the University of ^'lrgini;l in 18.50, taught 
in tlie Clinton liberal institute. In 18.57 he was or- 
dained, and was pastor in ISIaine till 1870, when lie re- 
moved to Canton, N. Y. In 1872 lie became professor 
of moral iihilosnphy in the St. Lawrence universitv, 
and w:is prc-i.I.Mit |S7:i-88. His great mental powers, 
his unusual luj^i.'.il .iliility, his ripe experience, with 
his clear and forcible style of expression, and his 
noble uprightness of character are impressed upon 
all his students. He is eminently a wise man. Here 
is one of his utterances: " Wlieii I hear a young man 
cjill Socrates a knave and Aristotle a fool, "it does not 
particularly change my opinion of Socrates and Aris- 
totl(\ but it gives me a gauge l)y which to measure 
the young man." He is still pnifessor of moral phil- 
osophy and political economy. 



19011 



Baldwin, Gaines, Boyden, Atkinson 



227 




ALBERT G. BOYDEN (American, 1827—), 3d priii- 
cipnl of till' l!i-L(l<;i'\v;iter normal, after sriiduation 
from till? BridjiL'wati-r normal in 1849, was assistant 
teacher there 1850-53, principal of the Salem I'^nRlish 
high school 1853-6, associate principal of the classi- 
cal high school 1856, sub-master of the Chapman 
grammar school, Hoston, 1856-7. first assistant in the 
Hridgewater normal 1857-60, and has been priucipul 
since 1860. He edited the "History and Aliinmi 
Record of the State Normal School, Hri(li:r\\;ili'i-. 
Mass., to July, 1876", which gathered I'a.-K :il>out 
more than three-fourths of all who had enr ai tindiil 
the school, and gave some indication of the enormous 
influence wrought by such an institution. The record 
then filled 182 close pages, and when the story of the 
last 25 years iS added will make another and a very 
much larger volume of inestimable value in the his- 
tory of education. 




EDWARD ATKINSON (American, 1827—), reformer, 
was educated in private schools, and has distinguished 
himself as a reformer in various fields, especially 
Imnking, free trade, and cooking. In 1885 as vice- 
president of the American association for the ad- 
vancement of science he gave an address on '•Appli- 
cation of Science i a the Production and Consumption 
of Food", and has invented an improved cooking- 
stove called the Aladdin caker. He is president of 
the Boston manufacturers mutual insurance com- 
pany, the members of which for mutual protection 
have adopted rules for the economic management of 
their plants, .\mong his publications are " Our Na- 
tional Domain ' (1879), '■ Cotton Manufactures of the 
United States" (1880), "Railroads of the United 
States" (1880). He has recently been prominent in 
the anti-expansion movement, one of his pamphlets 
being excluded from the mails. 



228 



America 



[1S27 




EMILY HOWLAXD (American, 1827—) was the 
il.ui-lilci- or .-i Qaiil<(,'r abolitionist of SlxTwood, X.Y., 
aiitl lj(;caiiii! so iiiibuod witli liis scntiiiiciils that in 
1857' she went to Washington to assist in tho colored 
school for siirls started by Myrtilla Minor. Here she 
ri'ni:iini'(l two years. From 1863 to 18(5(5 she taujrht in 
(In- ( '..nlr.ibnnd camp near Arlington. In 1867 her 
f.-itlh'i- h. Mi_;lit, a tract of land near ire.athsville at the 
mouth of the Potomac, and she toolc tliere a colony 
"f Virfiinia negroes and started a school in a log 
■ ■abin, which has since developed into a day and in- 
dustrial school. This school she has since main- 
tained, paying all the expenses. She alsoeslablished 
,ibout 1870 a private school of high character at Sher-, 
wood, N. Y. She has been prominent in the woman 
suffrage movement, aiding it not only by liberal con- 
tributions but by her gracious presence and her win- 
ning voice on important occasions. 




DAVID HENRY COCHRAN (.American, 1828-) after 
graduulidu from Hamilton in IS.iO taught sciences in 
the (Jlinton Liberal Institute, in 18.t1 becaiiK' princi- 
pal of Fredonia Academy, in 18.i4 became teacher of 
sciences in the Albany Is'ormal, and in 18r->(5 became 
principal. While here he was sent to l^'.urope to 
study the Tiiethods of the normal schools there. lie 
was in sui'h constant demand as a lecturer at teach- 
ers' institutes thatexcessive sjieaking occasioned for 
a time entire loss of voice, from which Ik; never 
ftilly recovered. In 1864 he was made president of 
th(! Polytechnic Institute of Hrooklyn, resigning in 
1899 after 3.5 years service. During this time the 
propertv of theiiistitution was increased from $40,000 
to $340,000. Since 1872 its graduates have received 
college degrees and liave Ix-cn a<lmitted to tlie post- 
graduate courses of Harvard and Columbia, ;ind in 
1890 it received from llu' regents full college jiowers. 



J*.*01] HowLAND, Cochran, Bennett, Hutchinson 



229 




CHARLES WESLEY BENNETT (American, 1828- 
1891) after graduation from Wesleyau iu 1853 tauul't 
two years in Canada and iu 1854 became a teacher in 
tlie Genesee Wesleyau seminary, of which, in 1856 
he became principal. In 1859 he became associate 
principal iu Fort Plain seminary, in 1860 superin- 
t.'ndeiit of schools iu Schenectady, and iu 1861 prin- 
cipal of Lowville aoademv. After two vears of 
preach i Hi,' he was from 1864-66 again princi)Jal of the 
Genesee Wesleyau Seminary. From 1866-69 he trav- 
elled and studied iu Europe. After preaching two 
years he became iu 1871 professor of history and 
logic iu Syracuse university, where he remained till 
in 1884 he accepted the chair of history iu the Garrett 
l!il)lical Institute. Among his books are "Christian 
Ari-haeology ", •' National Education iu Europe", 
and ■' History of the Philosophy of I'edagogics ". He 
was a lovable uiau, but a liou in debate. 




M'lLLIAJI HUTCHISON (American, 1828-1885), 
principal of L;iwreuce academy, after graduation 
from Yale iu 1854 and afterward from the Andover 
theologii^al seminary, was for a time a missionary in 
Turkey, but became iu 1863 principal of the Lawrence 
acadcHuy, Groton, l^Iass. In 1865 he was called to the 
principalship of the Norwich free academy. Conn., 
where he remained until his death. He was a re- 
inaik.ible preparatory teacher, especially in Greek. 
Ifc « -IS called " Zeus " by his pupils, and in no disre- 
siJiM-i lul spirit. He gave every energy to his cjilling, 
wrestled with bodily infirmity that every duty be 
faithfully per formed, and wrought upon all committed 
ti5 his charge a lasting impression of the dignity of 
Christian manhood. In college he h;id l>cf n upon the 
lioat-cri'W, and he always eucour;igi-d athletic sports 
.imong his students. He also stimulated tlieiri^owers of 
composition and debate, making them all-round men, 



230 



America 



[1829 




JAMES BURKILL AXGELL (American, 1829—) 
alter {ii-iKl u.-M ion fi-iiin lirown in 1849 and study in 
I'Airopc Ix'cainc in 1S53 prot'cssor of niodcni laii'^uanes 
ill Brown. In IJ^tiO lie became editor of tlu; I'rovidence 
Journal. In 1806 lie became president, of the I'niver- 
sity of Vermont, and in 1871 of the I'liiversily of 
Micliiiiiin. In 1880-2 he was for 18 months minister 
to rhina. under commission to procure a revision of 
thetri'Mties between that nation and tliis country. 
Subse(iuently he accepted a similar temporary mis- 
sion to Turkey, in both cases accepting leave of ab- 
sence from Michitiun. In 1888 he was appointed one 
of the three commissioners to elTect tlie treaty with 
Great Britain upon tlie fisheries dispute. In Win- 
sor's " Narrative and Critical History of America" 
he prepared the article on "The Diplomacy of the 
United States". During his administration tlie Uni- 
versity of Michigan has grown greatly. 




MALCOLM MacVICAR (Scot.-h, 1829-), 1st princi- 
l):il of the Brockport normal, came to Canada with 
his i);ireiils in 1885, and studied in Knox college, To- 
ronto is.'i()-r>3 He was ordained to the ministry in 
ISoti and in 18.=S8 was graduated from the university of 
Uor'hester. He went to the Brockport collegiate in- 
stitute of which in 1864 he became i)rincipal. When 
tliell the school bec-auie a State normal school lie was 
its tirst i)rincipal. His health failing, he wi'ut west, 
and in 1868 he became superintendent of s<-liools in 
Leavenworth Ks.. but returned in IStilMo become the 
lirst principal of the new school at rotsdaui. In 1880 
he bec.-ime principal of the Ypsilanti normal school, 
and in 1881 professor of interpretation in th' 
to Baiitist college. In 1888 he became tir.- ' 
if MacMaster uuivi 



■rsitv, and in 18Sl0edu<- 



Tore 

•hancellor 

lional su- 



perintendent of the American Baptist liome mission 
society. He has pulilished "Principles of Kducatiou . 



1901] 



Scotland, England 



231 




SIMOX SOMERVILLE LAUBIK (Scotcli. 1829-), 
after education at Ediuburgh became in 1856 visitor 
and examiner to tlie Diolc bequest fund, from one of 
the reports on which his " Primary Instruction on 
rehition to Education " (1867) is reprinted. In 1873 he 
was secretary to the Endowed schools commission, 
and since 1876 has been professor of the institutes 
and history of education at Edinbursh. He has been 
president of the Teachers guild of Great Hritain and 
Ireland. His books include " Life and Educational 
Work of .John Amos Comenius" (1881). " Mediaevnl 
Education and Rise and Constitution of Universities " 
(1886). "LanxuKUsje and Linguistic ■Metliod in the 
School" (1890). "Institutes of Education" (18921. 
"Teachers Guild Addressi's" (1892i. ' Historical Sur- 
vey of pre-Christian Education" (189.i). and many text- 
books on ethics and other subjects He has exert(!d 
wide influence overall English-speaking teachers, 




D'AB<:V W. THOMPSON (English, 1829-) was edu- 
ralcd at Christ's Hospital, London, and graduated 
from Cambridge. P^or 12 years he was chissic;il mas- 
ter at the Edinburgh academy, when he lirc.-unc prci- 
fessor of Greek in the Queen's colh'gr, (iaiwav, 
which chair he still holds. He has been for some 
years fellow of the Royal university of Ireland. His 
" Day-Dreams of a Schoolmaster "is a charming and 
poetic treatment of what has proved in the hands of 
iiinst :iutliors an unromantic theme. It is largely 
auliiliiou;raphical, dealing humorously, often tender- 
ly, with phases of life as pupil and teacher in the big 
English public schools. It has made him friends 
wherever the English language is read, and secured 
for him an invitation to deliver a course of lectures 
before the Lowell Institute, Boston. These lectures 
were published in 1868 under the title of "Wayside 
Thoughts ", 



282 



America 



[1829 




LAURA BRIDGMAX (American. 1829-1889) at two 
years of a^f lost li.\ IVvcr her senses of sight, heariu-i, 
and smell. Al fiiilii she was sent to the Perkins in- 
stitution forthe l)lind, where Dr. Howe undertook her 
oare ar.d education. She learned to rend by touch 
first embossed letters, and then embossed words at- 
i;iehed to objects. AVlien it flaslied upon her that by 
:liis means she could CDmniuuicate her own thoujilits 
li'^r being seemed changed. By metal types and a 
iioard to insert them she learned to spell the nanies 
il' objects, and began to take lessons in geography, 
iilgeb'ra, and history. She learned to write a legible 
hand, and received and answered letters from all 
parts of the world. She thought deeply on religious 
and other subjects, and reasoned well. Finally she 
became a skilful teacher of tlie blind and deaf and 
duuib. Her demonstration of the possibilities of iu- 
struction is now continue by Helen Keller. 




EMERSOX KLBRIDCJE WHITE (American, 1829— > 
was burn in Maiilna, ()., and in 18.M became principal 
of the Cleveland liigh school. From 1863 to 1866 he 
was State commissioner of education, and secured 
an institute fund and a State board of examiners. 

e "as for a long time editor of the Ohio Educa- 
thmal Montlily. From 1876 to 1883 he wasM^resident 
„f I'urdue universitv, and from 1886 to 1889 superin- 
tendent of schools in Cincinnati. Since then he has 
been a private institute conductor and lecturei 
on education, deriving a larger income than any 
,,ll,er man has ever received from this service. He 
was president of the Ohio State ass.K'iatu.n in 86^. 
of the National superintendents association in 18bt). 
(,f the National educational association 18.2 and ol 
the National council of education, 1884-6. He has 
been' successful as an author of text-books, espee- 
iallv of arithmetics, and a "School Management . 



1901] 



Education in Japan 



233 




DAVID MURRAY (AuK-rioan, 1830— ) who formed 
llic|iablic school system of Japan, after gr'-duation 
I'l'Din Uiiiou in l^o-i became a teacher in tY i Albany 
Mcademy, and in 1857 was made principal. In 1863 he 
became professor of mathematics in Rutgers. In 1873 
he went to Japan as superintendent of educational 
alfairs, and spent six years iu establishing a system 
'il' scii,j(,is. He caine back by way of China, India, 
and Kuyiit in isri as agent of'the Japanese govern- 
ment to collect information and material. In 1880he 
was appointed secrelarv of the Regents of the Uni- 
versity of the St:ite of New York. In 1889 he retired 
and has since lived in New Brunswick, N. J. He lec- 
lured on the history' of education in Japan at Johns 
Hopkins. 18'.17: and has written "The Story of Ja- 
pan"', •' History of Education in New Jersey", •'Tlie 
Anti-Rent Episode in New York", "Examinations, 
their Use and Abuse ", etc. 



234 



England 



[1881 




FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR (EiiKlish, 1831-) 
was born in India, but yradualcil from London Uni- 
viTsity and Cambridge. He was from 1855 to 1871 a 
master at Harrow, and from 1871 to 1876 head-master 
of ]\Iarlborou<jh College, serving in the mean time as 
srlcct iircnclier at Cambridge and as honorary chap- 
liiii 1(1 till' (^)ueen. He has been prominent "i n tem- 
IH r:nici' reform. In 1876 he became canon at West- 
minster Catlicdral and in 1883 was made arch-deacon. 
In 1890 he becanK? chaplain to the House of Com- 
mons, and in 1895 dean of Canterbury. As an author, 
besides many religious books, including a life of 
Christ that passed through 12 editions in a single 
year, he wrote " Eric, or little by little, a tale of Ros- 
lyn school" (1858): "Julian Home, a tale of college 
life" (1859): "St. Winifred-s. or the world of 
school "(1863) :'-On some defects in yiublic school edu- 
cation"; and edited " Kssays on a liberal education ". 




ROBERT HERBERT QUICK (English, 1831-1891) 
after gracUiiit ion from Cambridge spent a winter lu 
(.;ci-iniuiv, when; Ills atteutiou was callecl to pwla- 
efie-ic literal tire, so that bis "EUiicatioiial Kefunn- 
cis " was projt'clocl when be was still tiiiite a young 
iiiaii, though not published till 1808. lie was con- 
nected as pupil and teacher with eleven schools, 
most of bis teaching being as assistant-manager at 
( rauli'ieh and Harrow, and as tlie beadot prepara- 
tory sdiools in Orme Square and at Guilford. He 
w as a man vi singularly lovable dlspositlun, modest 
almost to shyness, abounding iu pungent but stlng- 
less )est, and combining unusual intellectual vigor 
with' the heart of a child. His "Educatiunal Re- 
formers" is called by Dr. Harris the most valuable 
liistory of educatlun In English, and has made the 
great names ol pedagogy familiar to thousands of 
teachei-s. «" " 



mn] 



America 




OTHXIEL CHARLES .irARSH (American, 1831-1809), 
th.' i>al:ii'ontolo':isl. nru'i- m-adualiou from Yale in 
IHtiOaiul 1863 studied in (icnnanx- 1862-65, and in 1866 
became professor of pala.Miiituln- \- at Yale. He do- 
voted himself to the in\c'>tiy.ii iini of extinct verte- 
In-ate animals in the Rocky mountains, and in 1868 
l)"-an organizing animal expeditions for explora- 
tion-i. IMore than 1,000 new species of vertebrates 
\\<Te discovered, and 400 of them described in pub- 
li-li.'d papers. In 1884 lie published through tlie 
1 11 it I'd States government the first of a series of ro- 
ll, ii-ts with full illustrated descriptions of these dis- 
'■"V.Ties. In 1878 he was president of the American 
\-^M,'iation for the advancement of science, and in 
I'-yS Ijecame president of the National academv of 
science. In 1882 he became vertebrate palaeontolo- 
uist of the coast survey. He left his valuable private 
collections to Y'ale. 




rATllICK JOIIX RVA\ (Irish. 1831—). arclibisliop 
of I'hiladelphia, alter graduation from Carlow col- 
lege in 1842, came in 1853 to St. Louis, Mo., where he 
finished his studies at Carondolet seminary, and be- 
came professor of literature there. He became priest 
in 1854, vicar-general and bishop of Tricomia, and 
coadjutor archbishop of St. Louis in 1872, and arch- 
bishop of Philadelphia in 1884. He went to Rome in 
1887 to aid in establishing a Catholic university at 
Washington. In 1883 ho was one of the priests 
selected to represent at Rome the interests of the 
Boman Catholics of America. He was president of 
the third plenary council at Baltimore in 1884, and 
pronounced the opening address upon "The Church 
and her Councils ". He has published " What Cath- 
olics do not Holieve " (1877), and " Some of the Causes 
of Modern Scepticism" (1883), besides many contri- 
butions to periodicals. 



236 



America 



[1831 




JAMES ABRA5I GARFIELD (American, 1831-1881) 
after ^'"idH'ition from Williams in 1856 came back to 
what was afterward Hiram college, where he had been 
pupil and teacher 1851-4, as teacher of classics, and 
was principal 1857-61. But he also studied law, and 
iu 1859 was elected to the State senate. In 1861 he 
entered the army as colonel, and after being made 
major-general for bravery at Chickamauga resigned 
in 1863 to enter congress, where he remained till 
elected to the senate in 1880. In the same year he was 
elected president, and was assassinated July 2, 1881. 
He was in 1866 chairman of the committee which re- 
jiorted in favor of establishing a bureau of education; 
his speech in its behalf is published in Barnard's 
.rournal, and his portrait is the frontispiece to Vol. 
wij. Prof. Hinsdale's " President Garfield iind Edu- 
(Mlion " (1882) gives 12 of his ediiational speeches and 
addresses in congress and elsewhere. 




ANDREW DIXON '^VHITE (American. 1832—) after 
graduation from Yale in 1853 travelled in Europe, 
wlK're he was for several months attached to the 
Icuation in Russia, and studied at Berlin 1854-.5. He 
was professor of history at the University of Michi- 
g:ui 1857-63, and State senator of New York 1863-66. 
He introduced the bill incorporating Cornel] univer- 
sity, of which he was president 1866-85. In 1871 he w:is 
one of the oonimisouers to San Domiuuo, minister 
to Germany 1879-81 and to Russia 1892-94, and to 
(Jermany again 1896 to date. Besides " The Warfart; 
of Srii'iice" (1876, 1895) by which he is best known as 
a, writer, he has published " The New Education" 
(1S6S), •' A Report on the Co-education of the Sexes " 
( IS71), " Paper Money Inllation in France " (1876. 1882), 
" A History of the Doctrine of Comets " C1887), " Out- 
liiieof Lectures on Mediaival and Modern Historv" 
(1861, 1872), "A 'Word from the Northwest"( 1863), etc. 



1901] 



Garfield, White, Pollock 




MKS. LOUISK POLLOCK <1832-) was boru atEv- 
lurt, Prussia, youngest daugliter of Frederick Wil- 
helm Plessner, a Prussian officer. At 15 she was 
sent to Paris to complete lier study of French, and 
ijii her way met George N. Pollock, of Boston, Mass., 
^\il(JU^ she married in 1S49. For ten years she de- 
voted herself to her children, who grew to numher 
live, but in 1859 was compelled by her husband's 
tuianclal reverses to attempt the support of her 
family, at first by translation and other literary 
worlc. In 18G2 she opened in connection with Mr. 
Allen's English and classical school at West Newton 
the first kindergarten in America. In 1874 she visited 
Berlin to study the kindergarten system there, and 
upon her return removed her school to Washington, 
where it is now known as the National Kindergarten 
and Normal Training Institute, and began her lec- 
tures to mothers She is also a successful author. 



238 



Amioric 



[1S32 




THOMAS EGLESTOX (American. 1832-1900). fomidcr 
111 tlii> Schocil of ^^iu(■s, al'lor ii'i">durition from Ynli' in 
1854 ;ind the Scliool ol' Mines in Paris in 1860, t.Kjk 
charge of tlie mineralogical collection in the Smith- 
sonian institute. He conceived the idea of a scliool 
of mines in Kew York, and in 18ti4 founded what is 
now the scientiTic department of Colunil)ia univer- 
sity, lie was professor of mineralo^.v and mi'talhuTy 
until 1898. when he became profi^ssor em<'ritus. He 
wrote many works on these subjects, some of them 
translated into several different lanKuajjes, and did 
mineralogical work for the United States, the Japa- 
nese, and the Russian governments. He was one of 
the founders of several scientific societies, and was 
vice-president of the New York Academy of sciences 
1859-81. He left much of his estate to Trinity church 
for its parish schools, to teach children to earn a 
living. 



1901] Scientific Education 239 



240 



America 



[1834 




("HARLKs >vn.LIA5r ELiOT (American, 1834- > 
after -ladiiation fi'om llarvarrt In ia5.3 tauglit there 
fur rni years, and v.as professdr of analytical chem- 
istry in tlie JIaKsachuseits Institutflof Technolog;- 
Irom 1805 to lS(i<.). He was t hen elected president of 
Harvard, In wliicli iiosU ion he has led that universi- 
ty, and Tiiroii^h Its example most of the other col- 
leges uf tlie (-(juntry, to substitute electlves for the 
nnilonu courses of si idy that had prevailed. lie 
has also been one of tne most agressive reformers of 
secondary, and to some extent of common school 
Instruction, his phrase "shortening' and enriching" 
the common school curriculum having become 
familiar as expressing an imperative necessity. He 
Is one of tlie most influential members of the "Com- 
mittee of Ten " of the National Association, which 
has directed the recent trend of educational dis- 
cussion. 



1901] 



Eliot, Harris 



241 




WILLIAM TOKItKY H VKRis (isa^-), the most emi- 
nent of living- Aincric;iii educators, after tlu-ee years 
In Yale beg-an teaching in St. Louis in 1858, and was 
superintendent, 1808-1880. Upon lils retirement the 
citizens gave him a gold medal, and $1,000 lor a year 
of travel. His annual reports are highly valued 
as an Important part of a pedagogical library, 
and many extracts have been puolished as separate 
treatises. In 1889 he became Commissioner of Edu- 
cation, In which office he has performed an amount 
and variety of valuable work that are unparallelled. 
At the National and otlier teachers' associations he 
has been a frequent speaker : he was joint editor 
with Andrew J. Rickoff of Appleton's Readers, and 
Is editor of the International Series ; and since 1867 
he has edited The JouduiI of Siwcalative rhiloso- 
phy. He Is regarded as the best exponent in tills 
coimtry of the philosophy of Hegel. 



242 



America 



[1835 




SIMON NEWCOMB (Nova Scotian, 1835—) came to 
tlic Uiutf'd St:ites ill boyhood, and taught school in 
M.ii\ land IS-M-G. In 1857 he was employed as a com- 
]iutcT upon the " Xautical Almanac", and in 1858 
was uraduatcd from the Lawrence school. Harvard. 
In 1861 he bicanie professor of mathematics in the 
navy, and was assigned to duty at the observatory. 
He was superiiiteiiili'iit of the " Kautieal Almanac" 
1877-9r, and has bei^n since 1894 professor of niathe- 
in.it i<'s and astronomy at Johns Hopkins. He was 
secrelary of the coinmissiou created by congress in 
1871 for tlie observation of the transit of Venus. In 
1874 he received the gold medal of the Royal Astrono- 
mical Societv for his tables of Uranus and Neptune, in 
1878 th(i Huytrhcus medal of the Dutch Society of Sci- 
enc-;s. ancl in 1890 the ( 'opley medal of the I'oyal Soci- 
ety. He has written several mathematical and astron- 
omical text-books and works on economic subjects. 




GEORGE FREDERIC BARKER (American, 1835—). 
after graduation from Shelheld (Yale) in 18.58 was 
chemical assistant in the Harvard medical school 
(18.58-(il), and professor in Wheaton college (1861), 
and the Albany medical colli^ge (1863), where he be- 
came iM.D. In 1864 he became professor in the Wes- 
tern University of Pennsylvania, in 1865 instructor 
and in 1867 professor of physiological chemistry at 
Yale, and in 1873 professor of physics at the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania. In 1878 lie was president of 
the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science. Among his books are "The Force of Na- 
ture " (1863). " The Correlation of Vital ami Physical 
Forces " (1869). and a "Text-Hook of Elementary 
Chemistry " (1870), which has been widely used. He 
was ii commissioner to the Electrical Exposition of 
1881, and a member of tlie U, S. Electrical Commis- 
sion in 1884. 



1901] 



Newcoaib, Baeker, Blackman, DeGraff 



243 




ORLAXDO BLACKMAN (American, 1835-1899) for 
25 years dirpctoi" of music in (Jhicago, oame of :i 
musical family ot central New Yorli. and at 15 led 
the churcli choir. At 16 lie began teaching a district 
school; he attended Ca/.enovia seminary 1855-8, and 
tauglit the village school 1858-9. In 18.i9 he opened 
a private school at 'Sew Berlin, and in 1860 became 
principal at Morris, at 1300 a year. Alter two years 
he gave up the place, on account of throat trouble, 
and became a music teacher, going in 1862 to the 
music school at Geneseo, where he met Lowell ^lason, 
Geo. P. Root, and Carlo Bassini. In 1863 he went to 
.loliet. III., and through competitive test wjis ap- 
pointed music teacher in Chicago. He was one of 
the sufferers of the fire of 1871 and went east, but in 
1872 was called back, and remained till liis death. In 
1867 he published "Graded Songs for Day Schools", 
followed by several other series and books. 




ESMUND V. DeGRAPF (American, 133.5-1885) after 
education at t^anandaigua, academy Iwgan teaching 
at 18, becoming in 18.57 principal at Middleport and 
in 1861 at Newark. He enlisted in the 33d New York, 
and when mustered out in 1863 became principal at 
Fairport, and afterward of No. 5. Rochester, In 1867 
he went to Flushing, and in 1868 established a boys 
school in Rochester. He was afterward princi])al at 
Green Island, and superintendent at Paterson, N. ,J., 
but gave most of the rest of his life to conducting 
teachers' institutes, in which work he was the most 

>>" ■^■^fiil man in his generation. He was called to 

II' Mrl\ e\cry (•oiinty in New Yoi-k. New Jersev, and 
Pennsylvania, and to Rhode Island, and several 
southern States. Without being s'-holarlv or a pro- 
found thinki'r he had the oratorical instinct, and al- 
ways sent his teachers back to their work filled with 
enthusiasm. 



•244 



America. College Pedagogy 



[1836 




WILLIAM H. PAYWE (American, 1836-) was born 
in Farniinston, N. Y., and had only the education of 
district school and academy. In 18.o6 he became 
principal of the scliool at Victor, in 1858 of the school 
at Three Rivers, Midi. ; in 1864 he was called to Niles, 
and in 1866 to Ypsilanti seminary. In 1869 he became 
superintendent of schools at Adrian, where he re- 
mained 10 years. All these years he had been a tire- 
less student, had mastered Latin, French and Italian, 
and li:id been csiiiM-ially interested in psychology as 
beariiiudii i.eil.iMduy. "Frum 1,S64 to 1869 he had edited 
the Micliii/aii 'J'kic/ii/'. Ins plan was adopted for the 
State exhibit at I'liiladelphia, and he published 
"Cha,pters on School Supervision", "Outlines of 
Educational Doctrine ", etc. In 1879 he became first 
professor of the science and art of teaching in the 
university of Michigan, and remained till in 1887 he 
was n^ade chancellor of the university of >'ashville- 
[In 1901 he returned to the University of Michigan. 




BURKE AARON HINSDALE (American, 1837-1900). 
one of the soundest educational thinlcers of his gen- 
eration, at 24 became a minister of the Campbellite 
church, and preached for 8 years at Solon and Cleve- 
land. In 1868 he became professor of history in Hiram 
college, and was president 1870-82. He was superin- 
tendent of schools in Cleveland 1882-86. and from 
1888 to his death he was professor of the art and 
science of teaching in the University of Michigan. 
He was a leading member of the National I'.duci- 
tional association, and in 1897 president of the Na- 
tional Council of Education. " Schools and Studies ", 
"Studies in Education "," Teacliing the Language 
Arts", "The Art of Study " "How to Teach and 
Study History", "Jesus as a Teacher", " President 
Garlleld and Education", "The Works of James 
Abram Garfield", " 'I"he Old Northwest", "The 
Aiiiericau Goverument. " are among his books. 



1901] 



Payne, Hinsdale, Kraus-Boelte, Marble 



245 




MRS. 5IARIA KRAIIS-BOELTK ((icrnian, 1h:5(5— ) 
was born in Mcoklenljiirs. tliL- (hiuslittT of ;i, prouii- 
n(Mlt liiwvtT and niajiistratx'. She studied l<indei-^ar- 
ten methods with Froebel's widow and Dr. Lanijc, 
and began teaching in Loudon in 1860, under Frati 
Bertha Rouge. In 1868 she established a kindergar- 
ten in Liibeck. Di 1872 she came to America, and es- 
tablished a model kindergarten. In 1873 slie married 
John Kraus, a disciple of the Pestalo/./i-Uiesterweg- 
Froebel methods, and they e.stablislied a training 
school for kindergartners in New Yorlc city, wliicli 
she continued after his death in 1896. Tlie school h;is 
graduated more than 700 kindergartners. and it reji- 
resents with remarkable fidelity thf? princiiiles of 
Kroebel. Mrs. Kraiis-Hoelte lieVself lias proved an 
iiis|)iratiou to all that is true .•i.iid womiiiily. 'I'licir 
•■ Kindergarten Guide " in two voluuie.s is the most 
complete te.\t-book of kiudergarteniug i)ublislied. 




ALRERT PRKSCOTT MARBLE (American. 1836-), 
.-issoi-iale siiperinleudeiit in New York city, was' 
gradiiat<'d from.Colbyin 1861. lie had taught coun- 
try sc-lii)ols in Maine, and he went to Wayland acad- 
emy, Wis., as teacher of mathematics. Became hack 
to iMaiueas principal of the Eastport high school; 
taught in the Edwards Place school, Stockbridgc. 
Mass.: beira me principal of the Worcester academv; 
and was superintendent of schoolsin Worcester 1868- 
94. He was suiierintendent of schools in Oiualia one 
year, and has been assistant superintendent in New 
York city since 1896. He has been three times presi- 
dent of tlie Massachusetts State teachers association 
and was president of the N. E. A. in 1889. He was 
for 6 years one of the visitors of Wellcslev college, 
He prepared a work on school lieatinu' and ventilation 
for the Bureauof education, and his addresses and ar- 
ticles are well-kuown for their wit and keen sense. 



246 



Amkrica. Poi'i'LAR Science 



[i8;u; 




JOEL DOUMAN STEELE (Aiiu-rii-ui. 1836-1886), 
wliost' ti^xt-bouks popul.-in/.in;; >i;i('iice had sucli lur^c 
SM-li:", tifter (iraduation rroui Syi'Mouse university in 
1858 tau^lil in Jlexiuo (X. Y.) academy 1858-61 ; served 
in the army 1861-3; was princiiwil atNewarlc 181^-66, 
and of Klmira free academy 1866-72. He declined tin- 
principalshipof the Fredonia normal. In 18T1 lie was 
president of the State Ic'iu'Ihts .I'-sociation. His ad- 
dress before the Universil y ri.ii\ ■"•atiun (1869) on the 
self-government of pupils describt^d tlie methods he 
h;i(i employed in IClmira, and occasioned much com- 
ment and fr(H|ueiit imitation. His " Fourteen \Veel<s 
in Cliemistry •' (1867), was followed by similar works 
in other sciences, and a " Brief History of the United 
States " on the same phui of whicli 200,000 copies were 
sold inasiufile year. Altogether he published 27 works 
and revisions. He left $.50,000 to found a chair of 
theistic science at Syracuse university. 



1898] 



Grkmany 



247 




GEORGE EBERS (German, 1837-1898) while a law, 

nI ikIi'IU at (.(iitiimrii became acquainted with the 
i;i:\ picilD^ist Lrpsius, and grew to be absorbed in 
the study. In 1859 he went to Berlin, and afterniuch 
travel settled down in 186.5 at .Jena, where in 1868 he 
was made professor of Egyptology. In 1864 he wrot(^ 
as a relaxation '-The Egyptian Princess ", the suc- 
cess of which, though it was translated into 16 lan- 
guages, did not swerve him from his worlv as a scien- 
tist. In 1869 he visited Egypt and on his return 
became professor in the Universitv of Leipzig, which 
post he held for twenty years. " In 1876 he wrote 
'•Tarda", again as a relaxation, followed by other 
novels of Egyptian and German life, so popular that 
he is better known by them than by his more serious 
\\ofk. In 1893 he was so crippled by sciatica tliat he 
removed to Munich, where he gave "his mornings to 
work on Egypt, and his afternoons to his garden. 



248 



America - 



[1837 




KHAXCIS M AYLAM) PARKER (Am. rii iiii, IK?;-) 
WHS born in Ni'W Haiiipsliirr. mikI at llif o)M'iiintr of 
the civil war liail rccrivcd siiiur acadeiiiii' education 
and lauylit di.strict school, lie enlisted as a private 
and alter three years came out a brevet colonel, with 
a wound in the throat from which he still suffers. 
He became principal of the sraramar school at Man- 
v'hester, >'. H. ; then of the trainins school at Dayton, 
O. Then he went to Uermany for three years and 
studied educational methods at Berlin. In 1877 he 
became superintendent at Quincy, Mass., where his 
•■ Quincy methods " became famous. In 1880 he was 
made oiieof the supervisors of schools of Boston. In 
1HH3 lie became principal of the Cook county normal 
school, resifjninK in 1899 to become principal of the 
new training; school founded by Mrs. Kmmons Blaine. 
His ijrinciijal books are '• Talks on Teaching", 
and •• How to Study Geography "'. 



11)01] 



Parker, Sanp'ord, Watkins 



240 




HEXRY R. SANFOED (Aineric.-ui, 183r— ). dean of 
tliu New York inslitutu faculty, after fjraduatioii from 
Syracuse in 1861, was principal iit Red Creek 18B1-2, 
Clyde 1862-5, Ovid 1865-7, and Dansville seminary 1867- 
9. In 1869 he became teacher of science in the Fre- 
donia normal, and in 1874 superintendent of schools 
in Middletowu. In 1885 he became one of the New York 
board of institute instructors, of which he is now tlie 
dean. He has also conducted institutes in man v other 
.States, inoludins Pa., Va., Del., N. C, and N. J. He 
was for several years secretary of the State teachers 
association, ;ind was president in 1875. He founded 
the Council of Superintendents of the State of New 
York, and has always been one of its officers. He 
is th(! author of "Tlie Word Method in Number ", a 
series of cards for teachiu": rapid computation, and 
of "A Limited Speller". His institute work is dis- 
tinguished for its practical and helpful detail. 




ALBERT BARNES WATKINS (American, 1838-1891). 
lirst iiis|K-(;ior of teachers classes in the State of New 
York, after firaduatioii from Amherst in 1863 taught 
classics for four years at Fairfield seminary. In 1867 
he organized a. girls school at Westboro, Mass., but 
caiue Ijaok to Fairfield in 1868 as vice-principal. 
Ill 1S70 he became principal of the Adams collegiate 
iii->tilule. While still here he was in 1878 elected 
upon the independent ticket school commissiouer 
.iiKl re-elected in 1881. In 1882 he resigned both 
places to become the first inspector of teachers classes 
under the regents of the University of the State of 
Xew York. Upon the death of Dr. Pratt in 1884 he 
became assistant secretary of the regents. He pre- 
p.'U'c'd the history of training classes in the regents' 
llistorii-al and Statistical Record. In 1882 he was 
liri'-idriit of the State teachers association. Person- 
jilly he was highly esteemed iu every relation of life. 



250 



Ameeica 



[1838 




EDAVARD SYLVESTER MORSE (American. 1838-) 
iil'tcr education in tlio Lawrence scientific school lived 
in Salem 1866-71, where he aided in founding the Pea- 
body academy of sciences, of which in 1881 he herann- 
curator, and in establishing The American Xaiarulixt. 
of which he became an editor. He was professor of 
comparative anatomy and zoology in Howdoin 18T1- 
74: i)rofessor of zoology in the Iniperial university at 
Tokio, Japan, 1877-79. He was president of the Ameri- 
cati association for the advancement of science 1885- 
87. Besides text-books, he has pulilished many sci- 
entific works, and "Early Race of Man in Japan" 
(1879), "Japanese Homes and their Surroundings" 
(1886), "Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Re- 
lease" (1885), "On the Older Forms of Terra-colta 
Roofing Tiles " (1892). He has contributed many im- 
portant papers to scientific journals and the transac- 
tions of societies of natural historv. 



1901] 



England!)^^ 



251 




JOHN MORLEY (EnsHsh, 1838-) after graduation 
from Oxlnrd in 1^59, though admitted to the bar 
chose literature iis his profession. From 1867 to ]882 
lie edited the Fortnu/htly Revieiv, and from 1880 to 
1883 the Pall Jfall Gazette. His articles in favor of 
home rule in Ireland did much to influence public 
■opinion. In 1886 he was Irish secret;irv and he sup- 
ported Mr. Gladstone in 1890. He also took an active 
part in '• The Strusrsle for National Education " his 
book under that title, published in 1873, being mostly 
made up of articles from the J'ortnightly. He editecl 
the " English Men of Letters " series of biographfes 
and among: his books are "Edmund Burke" (1867)' 
"Critical Miscellanies" (1871) "Voltaire" (1872) 
"OnComproniise" (1874), "Rousseau" (1876) "Did- 
erole and the Encyclopicdists " (1878), and " Richard 
Cobden" 1881. His poliiical op])onents say he is 
better lifted to write history than to mak(! it. 



252 



Germany. School Hygiene 



[1839 




LUDWIG KOTELMANN (Russian, 1839-) was the 
sou of llic coun-ctor. of the gymnasiuiu at Demmiu, 
studied in Russia and Germany, and toolv his doctor- 
ate from Jena. After attending a training-school he 
became in 1866 rector of the scliools of Riigen, and in 
1868 was called to the PjidnLrouuun at Pusbus. Soon 
after he went to Li'ipziL; as duoent, and then became 
assistant in the pli,\ sinLi^ ir;il institute of Maiburg. 
In 1876 he began practice at Hamburg as an opthalmo- 
logist, and in 1877 founded the Zeitschriftfur Schitl- 
gesundheitspjiege (jonnvdl of school hygiene), which 
he edited for ten years, making himself thoroughly 
familiar with the'literature and discussion in this 
field. His "School Hygiene", published in 1895, was 
at once recognized as the most important contribu- 
1ii)u ever made to this subject. An American trans- 
lation appeared in 1899, especially revised by him 
to date, with additional matter and more illustrations. 



1901] 



Amekica 



253 




FRAXCES ELIZABETH >VILLARi>(Ameiion 11,1839- 

1898) alter jii'iiiluat.ion from the Northwestern female 
coUefie ill 1859, was preceptress of the Genesee VVes-, 
leviin seminary, president of Evauston oollefje for 
ladies, and then teacher of rhetoric in Northwestern 
university. In 187-1 shewas elected correspondint; sec- 
retary of"the Woman's Christian temperance luiion 
and in 1879 was made president. In 1883 she founded 
the World's Christian temperance union, and was 
president from 1887 to her deatli. In 1888 she became 
president of the American branch of the International 
council of women. She was also one of the first to 
start in 1886 the White cross movement for social 
purity, and she secured enactments in. 12 States for 
the protection of women. She was in many ways the 
first woman of her time. Her earnestness and liumor 
yave herremarkable power, while lierlovable ijersoual 
character commanded sympathy and cooperation. 




MATILDA COOPER-POUCH ER (Auk rican. 1839- 
190U) aflin- <;riuluatioii from th(! Albany noriii:il in 
18.i6 became a teacher in Oswego, and upon the ortiati-. 
i/.ation of the normal school was made one of the 
critics, afterward becoming teacher of methods. She 
remained until 1886 at the right hand of Dr. Sheldon. 
She kept all the records of scholarship, attendance, 
and location, her work showing the celerity and ac- 
curacy that were characteristic. Her retentiveness 
of memory was astonishing. She could tell almost 
everything about any present or former student. In 
1899 she married Isaac Pouch(!r, who upon Dr. .Shel- 
don's death succeeded to the princlijalsliip of the 
school. She was especially effective in lier work as 
preceptress of the boarding school h;ill, carrying its 
cares with masterly ease, and often turning the cur- 
rent of a student's life at the critical moment by 
sympathetic and wise advice. 



254 



America 



[1839 




AAROX GOVE (American. 1839—). for more than a 
iiuarter of ;i ciMiUiry superintendent of schools in 
Denver, was educated in the Dwight school. Boston, 
and after graduation from the Illinois State normal 
university, was in the army 1861-4, serving as adju- 
tant of the 33d Illinois infantry, and was breveticd 
major. He afterward taught in Illinois, and was for 
a time editor of the Illinois Schoolmaster. Since 1874 
he has been superintendent of schools in Denver. He 
was president of the N. E. A. in 1888, and has always 
131'en (Mil! of its most trusted leaders. Among his pa- 
pers have been " Citv school systems '' (1884), " Sup- 
ply of teachers " (1894), " Tests of work " (1895), 
" Business side of city schools" (1896), "Education 
in the colonies " (I9(J0), and "The trail of the city 
superintendent" (1900). His remarks in discussion 
have always carried weight on account of their bal- 
ance-wheel tendency, for no fad ever swerves him. 




THOMAS DAVIDSON (Scotch. 1840-1900) after grad- 
uation from Aberdeen iu 1860canie in 1866 to Canada,, 
and in 1857 became a teacher in the St. Louis high 
school, and edited The We-^tern. Through Longfel- 
low's iiiMuence he became in 1875 attached to the ex- 
amination department of Harvard, and had oppor- 
tunity to study archaeology in Greece, where he 
learned the language so as to be able to address 
fluently an audience of modern Greeks. He also 
spoke "easily German, Italian, Spanish, and Norse, 
and did his own philosophic thinking in German. 
He was proficient in Hebrew and Arabic, and versed 
in Czech, Russian and Ma.ygar. But he was also 
scliooled in philosophy. Beginning, like his St. 
Louis companions, a Hegelian, he live to denounce 
him, and thought St. Thomas Aquinas had come 
nearest to solving the riddle of life. He published 
"Rosmini " (1884) and "Aristotle". 



1901] 



Canada 



255 




GEORGE WILLIAM KOSS (Cauadiau. 1841—) vv;is 
educated at the normal school and became a teacher. 
In 1871 he was made county inspector of schools: sub- 
sequently inspector of model schools. He \v;is y:rad- 
uated in law from Albert university in 1883. and be- 
came minister of education, which place he held with 
great acceptance until made prime minister in 1900. 
He was a member of parliament 1872-83, an honorary 
commissioner at the Colonial and Indian exposition 
of 1885 and has been editor of the Strathroy Age. of 
the JItiroii Expositor, and of the Ontario Teacher. 
He has written "A Report of the Schools of Kngland 
and Germany", "The History of the School System 
of Ontario", and is well-known as a lecturer. He 
gave an address upon the school system of Ontario 
before the N. E. A. in 1891, at the International con- 
gresses of 1893. and at the N. Y. Commissioners asso- 
ciation of 1897. 



256 



Germany 



[1841 




THIERRY WILLIAM PREYER (Eiifilish. 1841-). 
after education in England. Germany and France 
become in 1865 privat decent at lionn, in 1869 pro- 
fessor of physiology at Jena, and in 1888 privat 
dooent at Berlin. Besides " Die Seele des Kindes" 
(1881, 1890), and " Die Gren/.en des Erapfindungsver- 
inogens und des Wollens " (1868), widely known in 
America in translation as " The Soul of the Child ", 
he has published " Ueber Emi^findungen" (1867), '^ J^lc- 
mente derreinein Emplindungslehre " (1877). " Uebet 
die Grenzen der Tonwahrneniung " (1876), "Akusti- 
sche Untersuchungen " (1879), " Die Erklarung des 
Gedaukenlesens" (1885), "Die Bewegungen der See- 
sterne (1887), " Eleniente der allgemeinem Fhysiolo- 
gie" (1883), "Specielle Physiologic des Embryo'" (188S- 
84), " Ueber den Farben undTemperatursinn " (1881), 
"Die Kataplexie und der thierische Hypnotisnius " 
(1878), and other books on hypnotism (1881, 1890). 



1901] 



AlNIERICA 



257 




GEORGE H. MARTIX (A raerican, 1841—) after grad- 
niiliou I'roni the l!ri(lue«ati>r iiorraiil iu 1862 taught at 
South Daiivers ami (Juincy, and for 18 years in the 
liriciL'euater aornial, the last 13 as vice-principal. 
He u i>i then for 2 years an asent of the Massachiis- 
I ti-, board of education, and has been since 1892 su- 
|iir\isor of the public schools in Boston. He lias 
published a "Civil Government", " Hints on Teach- 
luy: Civics", "A Historical Sketch of the English 
L.inKuage", and "Evolution of the Massachusetts 
School System ", the hist giving rise to a controversy 
w ith A. S. Draper as to the relative parts played by 
"Massaohusetts and New York in the early educa- 
tional history of our country. Subsequently he pub- 
lished a series of papers on the early histor.v of 
schools in Boston. He delivered an address on Patri- 
otism before the N. E. A. in 1895, and has been a fre- 
quent speaker a,t its meetings. 




JOHN FISKE (American. 1842—) after graduation 
I'rom Harvard in 1863 was lecturer in philosophy there 
1869-71. instructor in liistory 1870, and assistant librar- 
ian 1872-79; he was overseer 1879-91. He was professor 
of American history in Washington university, St. 
Louis, 1884. He has since devoted himself to lectur- 
ing both in this country and in Great Britain, and to 
writing, residing in Cambridge. His writings are 
mostly philosophical and histt)rical. Of tin; fo'nier. 
the principal are " Outlines of Cosmic Philosophv "' 
(1874), " The Unseen World " (1876), " Darwinism and 
other Essays " (1879, 1885), " Excursions of an Evolu- 
tionist " (188.3), "The Destiny of Man viewed in thi> 
Light of his Origin" (1884>,"and "The Idea of G<h\ 
as Affected by Modern Knowledge " (1885). The lat- 
ter include " American Political Ideas viewed from 
the Standpoint of Universal History "(188.5). "The 
Critical Period of American History" (1888), etc. 



258 



America 



[1842 




• TUUJIAN J. BACKUS (American, 1842—), after 
i;radnation from Rochester in 1864 was professor of 
the Kiijilish hingua^;e and literature in Vassar 1867-83. 
and then became president of the Paclcer collegiate 
institute. He was civil service commissioner in 
Urooklyn for several years, president of the board of 
managers of the civil service system, and of the 
State board for the care of the insane. He h;is pub- 
lished " Outlines of English Literature ", a revised 
edition of Shaw's " History of English Literature", 
and "Great I'-uglish Writers". He has been a fre- 
(luent speaker attheUniversityconvocation and other 
educational and literary meetings, and promin(!nt in 
civic and benevolent work. Under his charge tlie 
Packer institute has grown greatly in numbers and 
in influence, having now some 50 teachers and 600 
students, and exerting great influence through its 
graduates. 




JOHN fiUEEX WIGHT (American, 1842-) served in 
the navy for a year during the civil war: after gradu- 
ation from Bowdoiu in 1864 taught at Lancaster, N. 
H., and at North IJridgton, Me.; and in 1865 came to 
Cooperstown. N. Y., to teach mathematics in the 
seminary. In 1867 he was called back to North Bridir- 
ton as principal, and in 1870 returned to Cooperstown 
as principal of the union school. Here he remained 
for 20 years, until in 1890 he was made principal of 
the high scnool at Worcester, Mass. In 1894 he be- 
came principal of the Philadelphia high school for 
girls, with 80 teachersand2,.=)00 pupils; andinl897of 
the Wadleigh high school for girls in New Yorkcitv, 
the largest high school in the United States. In 1899 
he was president of the Schoolmasters association of 
New York, and in 1900 of the association of colleges 
and secondary schools of the Middle States and 
Maryland. He has published "Bible Readings" (1900). 



1901] 



Bacus Wight, Pheparp 



259 




IRWIN SHEPABD (Aiuerican, 1843—) was boru ueai- 
Syracuse, >'. Y., and while atteuding- the Ypsilanti 
normal iu 1862 enlisted in the 17th Jlichigau, and was 
discharged for wounds in 1865: a congressional medal 
of honor for jiallaatry was awarded hira in 1898. Af- 
ter graduation from Olivet iu 1871. he was superin- 
tendent in Charles City. la., till 187.t: principal of the 
high school, Winona, Minn., 1875-8: superintendent 
1878-9: and president of the State nornial school 1879- 
98, when he resigned to become the first permanent 
secretary of the National educatioiuil association. 
Of this body he became a member in 1874, and has 
been a member continuously since 1883. He was pres- 
ident of the normal departrnent iul889. and served as 
general secretary from 1893 till the office of permanent 
secretary was created. His courtesy and his efficiency 
are equally marked, and he has introduced business 
melhods i'nto all departments. 



260 



France 



[1848 




GABRIEL COMPATRE (French, 1843—) after grad- 
mitiou from the Ecole Normale Superieure of Paris, 
became in 18(55 jn'ofessor at the Lycee of I'au, in 1868 
at the Lycee of Poitiers, and in 1871 at the Lycee of 
Toulouse. In 1889 he became director of the Academy 
of Poitiers, and in 1896 rector of the University of 
Lyons. He has translated into French Bain's Lo^ic, 
Huxley's Hume, and Locke's Thoughts on Education. 
His thesis on the philosophy of Hume was crowned 
in 1873 by the French Academy, which in 1878 gave 
him a prize for his " History of "the Doctrines of Edu- 
cation in France since the ifeth century." Anabridg- 
ment of this, translated into English by Chancellor 
Payne, is widely used in the United States, and has 
been followed by a translation of his "' Lectures on 
Teaching", and "" Psychology applied to Education ". 
He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 
1881 to 188.5. and secretary in 1883. 



19011 



America 



261 




ELISHA BENJAMIN ANDREWS uVimTiraii. 184-1—) 
served in tlie union army and was ijraduiai'd from 
Brown in ISTO. He was fortwo years jirinciiial of the 
Conneelicut Literary Institute; and after graduation 
from Newton was ordained in 187-1 as a Baptist elersj;- 
man. In 1875 he became president of Denison Uni- 
versity, in 1879 professor of homiletics in TCewton 
Tlieolo!.'ical Seminary, in 1882 professor of liistory and 
political economy at Brown, in 1888 professor of 
political economy at Cornell, and in 1889 president of 
Brown University. In 1896 his advocacy of free silver 
led to dissatisfaction, and he resigned in 1898, to be- 
come superintendent of schools in Chicago. After a 
breezy service there, marked by continual conflict 
with the board of education for what he deemed the 
rights of a superintendent he resigned in 1900 to be-, 
come chancellor of the University of Nebraska. He 
has written several published works. 




CHARLES RUFUS SKINNER (American, 1844—) af- 
ter education at Mexico academy and Clinton liberal 
institute taught in tlie former 2 years, was assistant 
postmaster at Wutertown 4 years, New York agent 
for a mow ing machine 1867-70, and editor of the Water- 
town Times \S70-7 4. He was a member of asse:)ibly 
1877-81, and of congress 1881-5, where he introduced 
the law reducing the letter postage to 2 cents. He was 
deputy superintendent of public instruction 1886-92. 
supervisor of instititutes 1892-5, and has been State 
superintendent since 1895. He was president of the 
N. E. A. in 1896. In 1890 he published "Arbor Day 
Manual. An aid in preparing Programmes for Arbor 
Day Exercises ". a volume of 475 pages that has since 
been a standard for this purpose. He also edited 
"The New York Question Book " (1890), and the first 
two " Supplements " (1891-2) giving the questions and 
answers for New York teachers examinations, 



262 



America 



[1846 




ISAAC H. STOUT (Anioriciiu, 18-16—1, supervi.soi' of 
teachers institutes, iil'ter ii partial course in civil eii- 
giueeriu;; betjiin in 1862 to teach in district schools: 
was in the army 1864-5: assisted in surveying for tlie 
Kansas division of the Union Pacific railway in 1866: 
and was principal at Lodi, Farmer (11 years), and 
Dundee academy, X. Y. He was school commissioner 
of SiMieca county 1878-84: assisted Dr. John II. French 
in writing? "Harper's Advanced Arithmetic" 1886-7. 
In 1887 he became institute conductor, aiid so con- 
tinued until in 1898 he became supervisor of te.-ichers 
institutes for the State of New York. Asan institute 
instructor he was noted for the application of shrewd 
common sense, and for deal inji with topics outside 
the curriculum which yet have bearinrr upon the wel- 
fare of the school. He has given frequent illustrated 
lectures not only before; institutes but, before ihe Al- 
bany historical society. 




SHEUMAX WILLIAMS (American. 1846—) bej;an 
teaching at 18, and in 1871 was graduated from the 
Albany normal. Ho taught at Little Neck, and in 
1873 became superintendent of schools in Flushing. 
In 1882 he was called to organize the uewly united 
schools of Glens Falls, where he remained till in 1898 
lii^ resigned, and was appointed upon the State board 
of institute instructors. For 13 years he conducted 
a summer school at Glens Falls, which cost him $2,000 
more than he received, but it became famous and drew 
eminent teachers from all over the country. He made 
it a special end at Glens Falls to furnish good read- 
ing to the children, and he has published in "Choice 
;.it(M-atur(!" five volumes of the selections that he 
found most useful. He has also presented this sub- 
ject at State teachers associations, and before the X. 
V). \. As an institute instructor he is broad-miuded, 
and practically helpful. 



1901] 



Stout, Williams, Straight, Hughes 



263 




HENRY H. STRAIGHT <Americiin, 1846-1885) after 
graduatiou from Oberlin became priucipal of the 
State normal school at Peru, Neb., but owins to his 
Interest in natural science resigned at the end of the 
year to become teacher in the school of that subject. 
Here he mapped out a scheme of education based 
upon science and the industries, which in 1862 he 
proposed in his lecture, " What we want and how 
to get it". He was from the first one of Agassiz's 
summer students at Penikese ishmd, and in 1875 ac- 
companied Prof. Shaler in gcologic-al study at the 
south. In 187.5-6 he studied at Cornell and Harvard, 
and in 1876 became teacher of sciences in the Oswego 
normal. In 1883 he Ijecaine a teacher in Ool. Parker's 
Oak Park normal, but in 1885 was compelled to seek 
a warmer climate, and died in Pasadena, Cal. His 
'■Aspects of Industrial Education" is a recognized 
authority. 




JAMES LAUGHLIiV HUGHES (Canadian, 1846—). 
after graduation from the Toronto normal in 1865 
became headmaster at Frankford. In 1866 was made 
assistant in the model school connected with the 
Toronto normal, and in 1869 principal. Since 1874 
he has been inspector of public schools in Toronto. 
He was for years secretary of the Canadian Sunday 
school association, and in August, 1878, tauglit the 
first lesson ever given at Chautauqua. He was the 
first i^resident of the New York State kindergarten 
association, and when he was chairman of the ele- 
mentary department of the World's Congress of 189.3 
his second wife, Mrs. Ada Marean Hughes, a distin- 
guished New York teacher, was president of the kin- 
dergarten department. Among his books are "' Mis- 
takes in Teaching ". " How to Secure and Retain At- 
tention ". '■ Froebel's Educational Laws for All 
Teachers ", and " Dickens as au Educator ", 



264 



Germany 



[1S47 




WILLIAM IJKIX (Goniian, 1847—) studlotl at.Tona 
and Ileidelbei-g, and took the decree, ot D.I) at Wei- 
mar. He then entered Ziller's seminar at Lcipzis?, 
and became prineioal t«aclier in the modfl sciuiol. 
After a year in a realscluilr, liebeearae jw-jlcNsor in 
tlie noim.il scljuul at \\umar, from viiuU lio ua.s 
])inm(>tcd tu bf piiucipal of the normal f^rhool at 
1 iM u II li In 1885 lit« su' 1 1 ed<nl I'mr. istnv in tho 
I li in )i pedaj;()i,\ at Ji ii i,\»iu( li liasciMu('''to be re- 
^ iiiImI asIlK h( idipi till isoi Ucrbartian t«icliing. 
Ill' li IS 1 < t 1) aMduiiiuutiis V ritei'. Ills "OutlniOH of 
I't il uii_\ IS \\i ll-kiKiwn to Anierirau rfad<>r8 a.s 
tilt ni isi <n 111 iiili'int ^ m itiou of 11 t1 "art's princi- 
pli ■-, uul jii iij\ otlii 1 uui i s not yet translated into 
1 luli^li li i\i ]i id e^ii ii iiiilurniv in tii-njiany. He 
1-1 niiu t n^a^t d upim an t neyclupedia of pedagogj'. 
H< IS editdi oi J'(i(t(i'/uf/i'^t}if si>i'.Ui'ii,uiid of Zeit- 
s(li) ijtjur I'?Ltlv^ophie ami I'dtki'j'jyik, 



1<)01] 



Amkku'a. Christian H!;i)Tiieh> 



265 




PATRICK FKAXCIS MULLANY, ISKOTHKR AZV- 
lUAS (Irish. lS4;-lS93).:i.sU-oiiK advocate of roiislnir- 
livr orilicism, came to Ainei'ic;i. in yoiilli. and in 1H6'2 
\\:is adniitletl to llie Christian Krothcrs. He studied 
in Loiidou and Paris, 1877-9, and was president of 
liock Hill college 1879-86. He was then called to Paris. 
:ind searched tlie libraries of Milan, I'Morence and 
Rome. In 1889 he came l)aclc to .\inerica. .ind at Ue La 
Salle institute, New York, became tc-iclnu' of lilera- 
I lire. He read papers before the University Convoca- 
I ion, the New Y'ork State teache'rs association, and tlie 
International congress of education (1884). and w;is 
tlie first C;itholic invited to address the Concord School 
of Philosophv. He published ■" Philosophy of Litera- 
ture ■•(1874), ■'• I)evelo|iiitentof Old I'lniilish Thouuiit" 
(1S79). ".Vristoij,' :in<l the Christian Church "(1889). 
•• Rooks and Readintr" (1890). " Marv Queen of M;iv " 
(1891). and •■ I'hasesof Thou^'lil and Criticism ■ (I89:i). 



266 



Nkw York. Uniform Examinations 



[1.S48 




AM)Kh'«' S. DKAPEK (Ainci-icaii, 1S4S— ) iiftiT 
L'railuatiut; from Albany Academy taught for a tiim' 
thiir and elsewhere, but soon became a lawyer and 
iMilii ii'ian. and was appointed by President Arthur 
one of the judges of the ('ourt on the Alabama claims. 
In 1886, he was elected State Superintendent of Pub- 
lic Instruction, a iid in the higher phases of educa- 
tional work he found a sphere surprisinjily cone;enial. 
He was unprecedently successful, unitiu'i the various 
interests of New York in work for common uidiftins, 
so that the adoption of uniform examinations was 
only one of the several reforms consummated. In 
189:2 his party went out of power and he retired, but 
was soon elecfed supcriiilendent of schools in Cleve- 
land, under a. new law that [i:\\i- him authority never 
before grantci!. In 1894 he resigned to Ix^come presi- 
dent of the University of Illinois. He has become 
widely known as an educational speaker and writer. 



ANO'I'IIICR PORTRAIT 



1901] 



Dhai'ei;, Low, Dewev 



267 




SETH LOW (Aniei-ican. 1850—). 12t.h presuleiu, of 
Ci)Uuiil)i;i. ;iriiT iiraduulion from Columbia in 1870 
beciiiiK-' :i pMrtiier in his fiither's toa-imijortin<r house. 
He was mavor of Brooklyn 1881-5, his grandfather 
haviuL' been its first mayor: and he was candidate 
for mayor of New York in 1897. In 1889 was elected 
presiilentof Columbia, of which he had been trus- 
tee since 1881-. He gave a million fur the libr:iry 
building, in Iionor of his father, "a merchant jvho 
tai!;iht his son lo value the things for which Coluui- 
bia'"c(>llege sl.-inds": in (;onsid<'rati(ni of which thi' 
tru.stees gav<' I'^ scholarshiiis for the boys and 12 for 
the girls of Hrooklyn. and 8 university scholarships. 
This has been supplemented by freiiuent later gi fl ■<. 
lie. is also ijresidi'Dl of tiie archaeological institution 
of .\merica. ;ind vice-president of the New Y<')rk 
Academy of Sciences. :ind has (•onducted a Snnd.'iy 
iiibl.' c-l:i'ss of men iu St. (JeorLie memorial church. 




MELVIL DKWEY (American. 18.il— ). lil>rarian of 
the Stale of Nrw York. iifU'r graduation from .Aiu- 
liiM--i in 18r4 w.-is acting librarian there till 187*;. when 
he went to lioslon and foundi'd the .\meric;in libr.-iry 
Mssociaticn, the Speiling reform association, and tlje 
Metric bureau. He was librarian of Columbia, 1883-8; 
Stale lil)rarian and secrc^tarv of the re<j'ents of the 
University of the State of New York 1888-99: aiul has 
si ni-i' been State libraritiu. H<^ is at the liead of a 
library school held in the State libr.-iry. and the au- 
thorof the svstein of decimal cl.-issillcation tienerally 
adoi)ted by librarians. His work in behalf of libraries 
was honored by the grand i)ri.\, a special highest 
award, by the Paris exposition of 1900, and In; has 
held evei-y position of honor the librarians of .\mer- 
ie.icould Ijestow. His services of secotnhiry educ.-i- 
liou were also recognized by most complinieMtary 
i-e>olutions upon his resien,-it ion as secretary in 1899. 



268 



AlMEUICA 



[1851 




M' LANCHTHON WOOLSEY STKYKER (1851—). 9th 
;jrc.-,i(l4Mil (iT llaiiiiltoii coUeyi'. ul'tt'i' KiMcliiiiliou from 
Haiiiilloii ill lS7:iiiiid from Auburn in 1876, was for a 
year assistant secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in New York 
city, where he developed unusual skill, tact, and 
svmpatliv in dealin<i with youns; men; was pastor in 
Auburn 1876-8, in Ithaca 1878-83, in Holyoke. Mass.. 
1883-5, and in Chicago 1885-92, where he succeeded 
L)r. Herrick Johnson. As a preacherhe waseaniest. 
untraiiiiiiclled by notes, and fertile in new vimvs of 
familiar truth. In 1892 he became president of Ham- 
ilton. Besides published sermons, speeches, and ad- 
dresses, he has written poems and hymns, and has 
com piled several h vmn-books: •' The Allelulia" (1880). 
"Church Praise Book " (1881), "Christian Chorals" 
(18841. "Church Song" (1889), "Choral Son>r " (1891). 
In 1888 he published " The Song of Miriam and other 
Hymns and \'erses". 




WILLIAM HARRISON MACE (American. 1853-) 
aflrr uradu.-iiioM Iroiii tln' Imliana Slate normal in 
1876 and the University of Michigan in 1883. w;is 
principal of public schools in Indiaim and Iowa, and 
from 1<S85 to 1890 was professor of history in Doi)aiiw 
university normal school. In 1891 he bei-anu! jirofes- 
sor of history in Syracuse university, where lie still 
remains. In 1896-7 he studied in Germany, and was 
graduated from Jena. In 1895 he was ai)poiiited by 
I fj|, reuonts of the Universi ty of the State of New York 
examiner in history for higher degrees, and he has 
eouducted extensive courses in Chicago, New ^'o^k, 
Philadelphia, and other large cities, and suiiinier 
I'ourses in (Jhautauqua, the University of North Car- 
olina, and othcn- places. He has published " A Work- 
ing \IanuaI of .American History ", " Methods in His- 
tory ", "Organization of Historical Material", and 
other works. 



1901] 



rfTKYKKH, Mace, Maxwell, Balliet 



•J(;*) 




WILLIAM HEXRY MAXWELL (Irish, 1852-), after 
oniilu:itii)ii in 1S7-2 witli lii<jh honors from Queens 
colh■^;e, (_inl\\;iy, Ijernme siiljniaster in the Royiil 
aoiuleniical inslilutiou, lielfnst, and took post-grad- 
uate \vorl< in Queens college. In 1874 he came to 
America, and not finding educational work became ;i 
reporter on the Xein York Tribune and Herald. »\\([ 
was for five years managing editor of the Brooklijii 
Times. He had also been teacher and lecturer for 
two years in the evening high schools, when in 1882 
he was elected assistant superintendent and in 1887 
superintendentof schools. This place he held till in 
1898 he was elected the first superintendent of schools 
of the Greater New York. He ha.s been president of 
the New York Council of superintendents, and of the 
Department of superintendence of the N. R. A. He 
was chairman of the Committee of 15 appointed by 
*.he N. F.. A. in 1S9.S to report on school systems. 




THOMAS M. BALLIET (American, 1852—) was edu- 
cated at Franklin and Marshall college and at Y.ale. 
Aft(.'r graduation from college he pursued university 
studies for two years. He was principal of a high 
school for one year, and later teacher of the classics 
for two years in a normal school in Pennsylvania. In 
1884-5 he devoted all his time to lecturing* on educa- 
tional subjects in the west. In 1885 he was elected 
superintendentof schools. -it Reading, Pa., and served 
two years. In 1887 he was elected professor of psy- 
chology, logic, and ethics in Haverford college, but 
delined the appointment to accejit his present posi- 
tion as superintendent of schools at Springfield, 
Mass. In 1900 he spent a ye.'ir in Europe studying 
schools and school systems, and during his absence, 
Mr. (i. I. Aldrich. now at Hrookline. Mass., served as 
acting superintendent. He has read si.'veral papers 
licfore the N. E. A. 



270 



America 



[1854 




JACOB <JOULD SCHUUJIAN (t'aii;i<liMii, 1854— ) w;is 
liorii III I'riiicc Ivlwai'd Island, lull stiulii'diii Kin'opi' 
187o-8U, i-i'sidinji at tin- uiiivfr^ilies of rAlinhuriih 
and Loudon, and reeeivint; upon his sraduatiou from 
the hiter in IBTf the University scliolarsliip iu pliil- 
osopliy. In IHTS he took the Hibbert travelling; fel- 
lowship and spent two years in Germany. lie was 
professor of loi^ic in Acadia college 1880-82, of phil- 
osophy in Dalhonsie collfge 1883-86 and in Cornell 
1886-93. when he became president. In 1892 he became 
editor of The PhUosophiral Review, and in 1893 he 
aided in starling T ke School liecietr. He has pub- 
lished '■ Kantian I^lliics and the Rthics of Evolution " 
(1881). ■• The i;thii-al Import of Darwinism" (1888), 
■' Belief in (iod " (189(1). ■" .Vnnosticism and Religion '', 
etc. In 1899 he was made one of the commissioners 
to the Philippine islands. His presidency of Cornell 
has been aggressive, and has led to rapid growth. 



1901] 



J^cHUR^rAN, Gilbert, Doavning 



•271 




CHARLES B. (ilLBEBT (American. 1855-) alter 
■n'adu.-ition I'rom Williams in 1876 lauglit. in a board- 
ins school a,t Xorwalk, Conn., 1876-8, and then went 
tolNliunesola, and became principal successively ot 
the hishscliools at Mankatoand Winona, Minn., and 
at Beaver Dam and Oshkosh, Wis. In 1883 he becanu; 
principal ot the hi^h school and in 1889 superintend- 
ent of schools at St. Paul. In 1896 he became super- 
intendent of schools at Newark, X. J., and in 1901 at 
Rochester, X. Y. He was lor three years lecturer on 
school administration at the Teachers college, (-'oluni- 
biauniversitv, and was president of the department ol 
superintendeiK-e of the N. R. A., 1895-6. He is joint 
author with Miss Arnold of "Stepping Stones to 
Literature". He has read papers before the X. K. A. 
on '■ lUhics of school manasement " (1888), •'Gram- 
mar school studies " (1894), '" Correlation of studies " 
(1896), •■ Child-stiidv " (1896). 




AUGUSTUS SEISS DOWNING (American, 1856—) 
after "craduatiou from Pennsylvania college in 1874 
taus'ht for three years iu district schools, and in 1877 
became assistant principal at Palmyra, X'. Y. In 1882 
he became i)riucipal at Fairport and in 1885 at Pal- 
myra. In 1887 he became teacher of mathematics in 
tlie high school at Newark, >'. J., resigning in 1890 to 
become one of the institute instructors of the State 
of New York. In 1895 he became State supervisor of 
institutes and training classes. In 1898 he was made 
principal of the new Training scliool for teachers 
organized in New York city. In 1900 he was presi- 
dent of the dejiartment of superintendence of the 
National educational association. He has been direc- 
tor ot the N. E. .v. for several years, and is a member 
of the National council of education. He was one 
of the speakers at the meeting.in 1900 of the Southern 
educational association. 



272 



America 



[185 



1/ 



ALBERT LEONARD (American, 1857—). 1st presi- 
dent, <if the iioniKil school system of Michiiian, after 
i;i',-i(luaii(>n from Ohio university in 1888 tautrht in 
Lounii and New Holltuid, :ind in Ohio university. In 
1889 became principal of the hisjh school at Uunl<irl<, 
N. Y., and in 1893 of that at Uin-hamlon. N. Y. In 
1897 he became professor of pedajio-y and dean ol 
the liberal arts col lejio of Syracuse university. resit:n- 
11." Ill 1900 to become first president of the normal 
school system of MlehiRau.- In 1887 he establishec 
\\\v Jouhial of Pedcuiogii.i^.nA has since conducted 
it. He has been chairman of the Latin and Greek 
division of the Round Ttible of the N. K. A. His 
c.uirieous manner and his warm personal interest in 
his students made him remaTkably successful in the 
dillU'iilt position he held in Syracuse university. He 
has entered upon his work in Mi<-lii'jaii under most 
favor.-ible auspices 




M'lLLIAM DK WITT HYDE (American. 1858—), 7th 
president of Howdoiii, alter er:uluation from Fhil- 
lips-i'lxeter ill 187.'), from Harvard in 1879, and from 
Andoverin 1882, and a year of advanced study, was 
for two yea,rs a olerjiyman at I'aterson, N. J., and in 
1885 was eli'cted president of Bowdoin collese- He 
has distinsnished himself not only in the administra- 
tion of coUe^je all'airs. but in his frequent api)ear- 
.-iiices before the i)ublic as a speaker and writer on 
educational topics. He has read jjapers before the 
N. 1''.. A. m 1889 on " Promotion in the schools", and 
in 1892 on " ()r>;ani/ation of .ViiK'rican education", 
the latter accDiiipanied by a diagram showing by 
I'oncentric circles how education may bi' correlated 
from the nursery to the university, and insisting that 
c.illeui" and universit V work sho'uld be sh.-irplv dif- 
ferentiated. Ill' has'publisln'd •• Practical Ethics", 
" Practical Idealism", and " Social Theology". 



1901] 



Leonard, Hyde, Butler 



278 




NICHOLAS MIRUAY BUTLER (Amciioan, 1862—) 
alli'i- }>i':nlnatinii Iroui ( 'uhiiiiliin in 1882 bcciuiif^ uni- 
viTsily fellow ill philosophy, studii'd in Ucrliu find 
Paris 1884-5, and became in 1885 assislant, in philoso- 
phy in Columbia, in 1886 tutor, in 1889 adjunct jiro- 
IV.ssor, and in 1890 dean and professor of pliilosoi)liv 
and education. Jn 1886 he founded tlu^ Teachers eoj'- 
lecry^ ,ind was president till 1891. He was a, member 
of the New Jersey State board of education 1887-95, 
president of the Paterson board of e<lucati<)U !h92-3, 
and of tUe N. E. A. in 1895. In 1892 he founded a nd has 
since edited the Educational Remeiv, and he is editor 
of the Great Educators series of the Teachers Pro- 
fessional Library, and of the Columbia Contributions 
to Philosophy and Education. He has also been 
prominent in movements for civil and political re- 
' inn. (^nly a mind marvellously k-een. alert, and iin- 
rriii'j cinild [lerform such work so well. 



INDEX 



PAGK 

a-h-c shooters 42 

AI)boU. Jacob 168 

Adiuus, .lohn Quhicy 107, 105 

Adi'iiiaii von Roometi 49 

Adrian of Metz 49 

adult education 116. I'M. 128, 173 

yEsehi nes 24 

^sop 18 

Agassi/,, Louis John Rndoli)li.. . 179. 189, 263 

Asri'icola, Johann 41 

afii'icultuiv 89. 113 

ahiiras 17 

.\ir.V, Sii- (itioi'oe Kiddfll 8(1 

Alherlus Magnus 33 

Alcott, A. 15 157. 170 

Wni. A 157, 1 18 

Aleuin 32 

Aldeii, Josepli 177 

Aldricli. (i. 1 269 

Alenibert, Jean U- Rond d' 81,70.97 

Alexander 25 

Ale.\andi'i;i 27, 210 

algebra 18, 33. 43. 51. 71, 73. 76, 115. 174 

Allen, .lonalhan 219 

N.ilhaniel T 133. 237 

alloys of steel 135 

Allston. WashinsitoM 136 

.Vnieriean association for the advance- 

niiMit of ed'n 160 

of science 235,242, 250 

hoard of coniniissionevs of foreign 

missions 166 

.-dn society 114. 133, 144 

institute of instruction 

141, 146, 152, 162, 171, 208 

Jounial of IvTu (Barnard) 

190. 113, 124. 141.236 

(Russell).. 156 

niissionar V associatiou 153 



(3 



PAGE 

American Naturalist 250 

philosophical society 75 

Quarterly Register 133, 144 

Sunday school union 197 

amusements 83 

An K.xperiment in Education 100 

analytical mechanics 155 

method 86 

Andrews, Lorin 202 

Annals of Education 128, 157 

Anderson, John 179 

Martin Brewer 201 

Andrews. Elisha Benjamin 261 

Angell. James Burrill 230 

A n thon, Charles 153, 206 

A nthony , Charles H 196 

.Vntinomians 41 

.\ntoninus, ilarcus Aurelius 30,31 

A [ipolonius 27 

A qua viva. Claudius 49 

Aquinas, St. Thomas 33, 254 

Arabic 102, 163 

.Vrago, Dominique p'ranc^ois 126 

.Vrbor Day Manna 1 261 

-Vrchimedes 27. 49. .58, 73 

.\ristides 21 

Aristotle 25. 26, 53, 204, 226, 254 

arithmetic. 19. 33. 49, 141. 174, 217. 221. 232. 262 

local 51 

-Vrminius, Jacobus 51 

.\rmstrong, John W 197 

Arnauld, Antoine 60. 56 

Arnold, Matthew 216 

Sara L 271 

Thomas 149. 204.209. 214. 216 

art 136.209 

A rthur. Chester Alan 266 

Ascham, Roger 47 

astronomical clock 53 

75) 



276 



Index 



VAdV, 

:istroiioiny 18. 

36. 50, 53. t)4. 70. i^X. 97, 13:i. 194, 306, 242 

physical 53 

.\1 kiiison, K<1\\ :\nl 227 

Allailtic c:ililc 136 

;ilinospheric iircssmc 60 

A\i(lubou, Joliu .1 .lines 121 

Ausustine, St 33. "6 

Aiirelius, Miinnis 30, 31 

Aziirias, Krotlier ..26.'i 

biicchants -12 

Uiiche, Alexaiidcr Dalliis 18« 

Uackus, Azel Ill 

Truma II J 258 

Bacon, Francis 52. 56 

Bailey, Ebenezev 146 

Bain, AlexandfM-. ; 205. 260 

Bai ne.s, Edward 116 

Baldwin, Janios 193 

Joseph 226 

Balliet, Thomas M 269 

Bancroft, Geors'e 1''^ 

Barker, Georfie Fredi'ric 242 

Barnard, Daniel Dew ey 1.54 

Frederick Aii!j;ustiis VovIct 184. 20:i 

Henry 190. 113. 124, 141. 1.59.236 

Basedow. .Toliauii IJmi.ird 83.89.98 

Bassini, Carlo 243 

Beck, Theodoric Boiiicyn 137. 159 

Bedford, Duke of 119 

Beechev, Calhcriiie 202 

Lyman 1-1-1 

begging friars 33 

Bell, Andr(^w 100. 142 

Benedict, Erastus Coriieliiis 159 

Benedictines 38 

lieniiett, Charles W'l'sley 229 

Bentham, Jeremy 148 

Bentley , Richa rd 102 

Berkeley, George 72 

Bernouilli, Daniel 73. 76 

James 70 

Jean ^o 

Bible 34, 41,61. 69, 164 

as a te.M-book 139 

religious e.\ercises 154 



PAGE 

liiiinham, Caleb 146 

liignon, Jerome 56 

biology 7.) 

Biot, Jean Baptiste 126 

birds 121, 216 

Hirkbeck, George 116, 119, 131, 160 

Blackie, John Stuart 185 

Blackinan, Orlando 243 

Blaine, Mrs. Emmons 248 

Klanc, Louis 196 

blind, education of.. .71, 93. 137. f::2. 202. 232 

■ work by 7 1 , 73, 91 . 134 

blow-pi pe analysis 108 

Bodleian library 108 

liossuet. .facques Benigne 61. 60 

Boston Latin school 77 

l)otany 76, 93. 189 

Botany bay 114 

Boydcn, Albert (; 227 

Brahe, Tycho 50, 53 

liransiet. Matthieu 138 

IJrant. Joseph 78 

Iti-id-niaii. Laura 232. 162 

l!i-ilisli a lid foreii;n school society 

KHI. 1 19. 160, 224 

Ui k lann 223 

l)r()lliers of the Christian schools 67 

IJrougham, Henry, Lord 120, 165 

Brown, Gould 115 

Nicholas 87 

Brunswick-Lunenburg, Duke of C5 

Bryant, William Cullen 127, 168 

Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm 210 

Burgundy, Duke of 66 

Biirrowes, Thoinas Henry 172, 140 

Butler. Nicdiolas Murray 273 

Byron, I.oi-d 162 

calcul.Mti 11^ machines t'.O. 71 

calculus 60. 65. 70. 76. 81, 8li. id 

Calkins. Norma 11 .\ 215 

Calvin, .loll 11 46. .5() 

( 'aiiipe. .Inachini lleinrich 98 

carbonic acid 86 

Carda no. (iirolamo 43 

( 'aroliiie, Queen 120 

( ■.•irpenter. Mary 180. 199 



Index 



■27'; 



TAOE 

(arpt'iiter, William Jiciijaiiuii 199 

Carter, James G U5 

ciitastrophio geology 151 

Catiline 28 

Cauchy, Augustiu Louis 132 

centeuaial exposition 223 

Ct'iilr;il society of education 116 

Ceuk'M, Ludolf von 49 

Chalmers, Thomas 142 

Chambord, Comte de 132 

character 84 

Charlemagne 32 

Charles I 55 

chastity 67' 

Chautauqua 2ti3. 2f8 

chemistry 91, 108. 115, 118, 134. 135 

chess 51 

Chicago exposition tir 

child study *9. 25ti 

China 20. 4(i 

chlorine 135 

Christian brothers fi~. 138.2)55 

Christof und Elsa 108 

Cicero 28. 22 

circle, squaring the 49 

circulation of the blood 55 

ci vi 1 service re form 223 

Clairaut, Alexis Claude 80 

Clark, Samuel 188 

Clarke, Edward Daniel 108 

Noah T 203 

classics 34. 35. 40. 41. 131 

importance of 68 

methods of teaching 45, 47, 178 

Clinton, DeWitt Ill 

George Ill 

Cobbett, ■William 128 

Cochr.-in, David Henry 228 

Cockburn. Lord 92 

coeducation 139 

cognition 84 

Cogswell, Joscpli ti 158 

Col burn, Dana I* 217 

Warren 141,152 

Colet, John 34 

college chairs of cd ii 100. 181). 225. 231 . 244, 272 
CoUeii. Ludol r von 49 



PAGE 

colors 43 

Combe. George 131. 1 18 

Comeniiis, John Amos 57 

comets 53, 80. 91 , 194 

Commentaries on American Law 104 

committee of 10 240 

of 15 2(39 

Common Scliot)! Director I.'8 

• Journal 140, 150 

comparative anatomy 169. 199, 250 

philology 218 

Com pay re. Gal)riid 2:'() 

compulsory ed'n 32, 90, 165 

Conant, M:n-sli:ill 161 

Concord sclmoldf pliilosophy 157, 26.i 

Condon-et. Ji'.in Autnine 91 

Confessions of a Schiiolinastcr 157 

Confucius 20 

<'oiigressi(iiial lilirary 90 

conic sections 60. 73 

cooki ng 152, 227 

Cooper. M vies 87 

Peter 136 

Cooper- Poacher. Malild.a 253 

Copernicus. Nicolaus 36, .53 

corals 198 

Cornelius. Klias ' 141 

Cornell. Ezra 177 

corporal punishment 62. 152 

Cousin, Victor 138, 115 

Crandall, Prudence 153 

Crates 26 

creches 89 

Croesus 1 i^ 

Crotona 19 

Cruttenden. David II 221 

curriculum 37. 45. 24(1 

Curtis. George William 223 

curves 58. 80. 96 

Cuvier. Georges 109, 1 18 

cycloid 60 

cynics 26 

.laevas 71 

Dagucrre. Louis Jacques Maude 193 

dWlembert, Jean le Rond 81. 70. 97 

Dulzell, .Viidrew 92 



278 



Index 



PAOE 

D.-iiin, Jjunes Uwijrlit 1 W 

Diirtmouth, enrl of 7S 

Darwin. Chni-lc's Robert .... 18(i, 189. 21t). 26;i 

Uiividson, Thomas «.'i4 

Davies, Charles loti 

Davis, Heury Ill, IfiS 

Davy. Sir Humphrey 1 18, 135 

Day, Jeremiah 1 1."' 

Thomas it'i 

Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster 'SM 

deaf, education of 80, 128, 137, 144, 184 

decimal classification "67 

weiglits and measures 97. 1;26 

deductive lojjic ".t 

dephlogisticated air 91 

De Genlis, Mme de 9fi 

De Geraudo, Baron Joseph M 170 

DeGraff. Esmund V 243 

De Guim])S, Baron 94 

De La Salle, St. John Baptist fi7, 138 

delEpee, Charles Michel, abbe 80 

De Morgan, A ugustus 174 

Demosthenes 24 

Denison, George Antliony 173 

Denmark, king of 206 

Descartes, Kene 58, 63, 72 

Descent of Man 186 

destitute children 

67.69,94. 100. 115, 119. 124. 165, 180 

De Viette 49 

Dewey, Melvil 267 

dialectics 23 

dialogues 83 

diamagnetism 135 

dice in teaching 83 

Dick bequest 231 

Diderot. Denis 81 

Diesterweg. Krledrich .\<l()lf Uilli<>lm... 

135, 245 

(lilTusion of gases 135 

Dillaway, Charles Kn;ipp 171 

Dilworth, Thomas 77 

Diognetus 31 

Diophantus 58 

discipline, methods of 

37. 77, 87, 127, 148. 149, 152, 157, 168, 

1 69, 170, 176,211, 214,245 



TAGK 

District School Journal 182 

Dittmar 124 

Di.\. John .\dams 154. 134. 182 

Dodge, Ebenezer 208 

dogmatics 41 

domestic ed"n 152 

dormitory system 184 

double translation 45, 47 

Downing, .\ ugustus Seiss 271 

Draper. A ndrew S 266. 257 

John William 193 

Drlsler, Henry 206 

Drow, John 207 

dualism, religious 17 

DuHamel, Jean Marie Coutant 155 

Dwight, Francis 182 

Theodore William 215 

Timothy 99. 1 15 

dynamics 81 

Ebers, George 247 

eclipses 50. HW 

Edge worth. Maria liHi. 92 

— - Richard Lovell 92. 106 

editors, educational 

133, 135. 141, 144. 146. 150. 156, 157, 170. 

..182, 188, 190, 197. 202, 225, 232, 239. 273 

ed ucation by the State 25 

Educational Magazine 173. 1S8 

Review 273 

Edwards. B. B 144 

Jimathan 74. 99, 115 

Egleston, Thomas 238 

Egyptians 49, 108,217 

elective system 184. 240 

electricity 85, 86. 135, 195 

Eliot, Charles William 240 

Elizabeth, Queen 47 

ellipsoids 73. 96 

elliptic functions 97 

el 1 i ptica 1 orbi ts 53 

Ellis, William 160 

Elmira reformatory 169 

Emerson, George B 1.52. 107 

Joseph 130, 1.52 

Emih' 79,92, 103 

endless puiiislinieut 74 



Index 



279 



PAGE 

Kiiglish popular (Mlucation 116 

IC pee, Charles Michel, abbe de 1' 80 

I'jpicurus 26 

equations 132 

equilibrium of fluids 60 

Erasmus 35, 34. 39 

Esquirol. I)r Am 

Essays on a Liljeral Educaliou 234 

ethics 

17, 19. 22, 23. 25, 26, 30. 63. 73, 75, 159, 208 

Euclid ' 27, 97 

Eu<leMUis 31 

Eu(l()\us 27 

Eulur, Leon hart 76. 71. 73. 86 

"Euryka'" 27 

I';verett, Edward 143 

evolution 179, 186, 189, 193. 216 

examiualious 159, 233 



, 135, 



.196, 



fables 

Fairbanks, Joseph Paddock.. 

Faneuil, Peter 

Faraday, Michael 

Farel, Guillaume 

Fartuer, John 

Faruham, George Loomis 

Farrar. Frederic William 

feeble-minded, ed"u of , 

fees of Isoorates 

Fellenberg, Philipp Emau'l von.. Ill, 113. 

Fenelon, Francois 66, 

Fermat, Pierre de 

fermentation 

Ferrari, Luigi 

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 103, 117, 

Fisk, Wilbur 

Fiske, John 

Fitch, Joshua G 

Flagg, Azariah Cutting 

fluxions 71. 73, 

Forster, William Edward 

founders 34. 69, 75, 78, 89, 99, 105, 

lOr, 120, 136. 147. 173, 176, 177, 196. 

foundlings ^ ■ . . 

Fowlc. William IJentley 

Franciscans 

Francke. Augusl llcruiaii 59, 



)8 
176 

210 
46 
133 

234 

213 

22 

157 

112 

58 

70 

43 

132 

139 

257 

224 

134 

132 

209 

238 
54 

146 
38 

101 



PAGE 

Franklin. Ken jam in 75. 72, 85, 86 

Eraser. \V 142 

Frazer. James 165 

Frederick the Great 71 

Freedom of the 'Will 74 

Freeman, Edward .\ugustus 21S 

French, John H 221, 262 

Froebel, Priedoricli 122. 17C, 200 

Frau 17C, 245 



Gaines, .\bsalom Graves 

Gai usborough 

Galen. Claudius 

Galilei. Galileo 

Gall, Era n/, Joseph 

Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins 

gallery lessons 

Gallon, Samuel 

games 

Garfield, James A bra in 

Gargantua 

Garrick, David 

Gellert, Christian Furchtegoil 

Genlis, Mme de 

geodesy 

geography.. 79, 108, 110, 136, 179, ISO. 216. 

geology 91, 105, 108, 109, 110 

..127, 137, 148, 151, 165, 169. 198, 235. 

geometry 18, 19, 27, 33, 43. 49. 76 

descriptive 

organic 

George III 88, 

German ed"l system 

Gibbon, Edward 6(;. 

Gilbert, Charles B 

Girard, Stephen 

glaciers .179. 

Gladstone, J. H 

William Ewart 209. 

Glens Falls summer school 

Goethe. .Johann Wolfgang von 82 

golden rule 

Gottsched, Johann Christoph 

Gove, Aarou 

Graham, A.J 

grammar 31. 40. 47. 48, 93, 

gravi t ation 64, 80, 86 



226 

88 
31 
53 
lis 
128 
142 
120 
83 
236 
3S 
93 



238 
, 86 

96 

73 
119 

9(: 
102 
271 

99 
210 
13.^ 
251 
262 
. 90 



254 

217 

16C 

97 



280 Index 



PACK PAfiE 

Gray. A s;i is't ll ill. Frcilfii.- l«i 

Greek- -.U. :ir, rtS. it2. 1(C. sir Row land US. IC.ii 

..143. 1,^3. lt)3. lr.^, IS.=>, 204. 20o. 212. 22n IIIikIus 19 

iniportaiici! of tiS lliii-sdalc. IJurkc .V.irdri 244. 2:!i) 

met hods of tcMchiiit; H:! IlippDi'iaic-. 21 

Green leaf. IJenjaniin 127 history. . ... A'i'i. 218. 229. 247. 2ri7. 26.5. 2ti8 

Grisconi. .John ll.i of cdn 42. 92. 

Grove, William Robert U)7> ..loi. 12(i. 12."), IH3. 22.'i. 234. 244. 2.54. 2fi() 

fruessing eucourajied 83 lloluyl 1 i:i 

Guilford. Nathiin 12fi ll.i-arth. Williain 88 

Giii/ot, FraiH;oi.s Pierre G 32. 138. 1.55 Ilomr. Ilriii\ (ly.nl Kanics) : .. 73 

Guthrie, Thomas Ui5 and cdlDnial i i-aininu s<dio(d 220 

Guy-Lussae 12ti Hopkin>. M.irk 166 

Guyot, Arnold Henry 179 hospitals 99 

jjym nasties. .. , 83 house of refu^;!' 115 

How (;i-rtrnde Tcirhi's 94 

Il.all. Sainn.d i; 107 Howe, .lulia W.ar.j |(i2 

Halle, the Kranrke schools t)9 Samuel (.rid ley 162, 118. 232 

H;illey. Ivlniund SO. 86 How la ml. j'.mily 212. 201. 228 

Hamilton. Ale\;inder 89 llu^ho. .lames 1 263 

Sir Will 131. 193 Mrs. .\da IMare.m 263 

college Ill 'I'lMimas 173 

harmony of the s|il]eres 19 llii-... \'iei.ir 196 

Harper, .Tames 119 humanists 35. 68 

Harris. William Torre \ 241. 75. 199. 234 llumlioldt. .Ue\,-inder vmi 110 

Hart. .I..hn Seely 188 William v.m 90 

Harlman 80 Hume. David 78,260 

H.arxey. William .55 humor of Ualielais ' 38 

Hassidtine, .\l)ii,'ail 130 II unl i nmoii, Krederiek Dan 208 

Ann (.IikIsoi.) 130 llul(diiscm. Williain 228 

Haiiy, abbe 162 llu\ley. Thomas 224. 260 

Haven. Kraslus <) 173 Huy^ciis. Chrisliaii 65. 242 

Hawley. Gideon 125 Hyde. William DeWitt 272 

Hawthorne, Xathaiiiid 170 hydroehlorie, ai-id 86 

Ha /.el wood syst(uii 14S li\ piiotism. . 2.56 

heart eulture 73. 169 

heat 43, 86, 1.55. 195. 210 idealism 23. 72. 138 

Hidirew 37. 16:? idiocy 196. 2i:i 

H(d)rews 19. 63 Illinois School master 251 

Hegel, (;eore \Vilh(dni I' 132, 138.241.254 im-oinesat F.diiiburgh 92 

Heraclianus :!1 Imliaus. education of 74. 78. 89. 14 1 

Hi-raidites 2ii individual freedom 84 

Herbart. .lohann Fried rich | i;. \]:>,, 264 induction 21. 40. .52 

Hernia II us. .lakobus 51 induliriMicii's 37 

Hersehfd, Cai-oiine bucrelia 88 inraut schools 89 

Sir Willi:! Ill 8S insanity 128. 213 

Hiero 27 insects 216 



Index 



281 



PAGE 

Isocrates 22 

isochronism 53 

Itard, Dr 196 

Jacotot, Joseph 112 

Jahn 158 

James 1 55 

Jansen, Cornelius 56, 60. 68, 81 

Janua LiiiKuanim 57 

Japan, education in 46, 233, 245, 250 

Jeiferson, Thomas 90, 75 

Jesuits 39, 46, 49, 56, 60, 120 

.Tews 49 

Johnson, Ilerrick 268 

Samuel 72, 85 

(the lexicographer) 88. 93 

Walter Rogers 143 

William Samuel 85 

Johnson's Chancery Reports 104 

Johonnot, James 221 

Jolly, William 131 

Jones, Bence 135 

Journal of Pedagogy 272 

Jowett, Benjamin 204 

Judson, Adoniram 130 

Ann Hasseltice 130 

Justin, the martyr 31 

juvenile delinquents 115 

Kames, Lord 73 

Kane's arctic expedition 147 

Kant, Immanuel 84, 71, 103, 117, 132, 262 

Keller, Helen 232 

Kent, James 104 

Kenyon, William C 219 

Kepler, John 53, 50, 64 

Keulen. Ludolf von 49 

Kindergarten. ..89, 122, 170. 200, 237. 245, 263 

Messenger 170 

Kingsbury, John 162 

Kingsley, Charles 210 

K irkland Sam uel 89 

Knox. John 44, 82 

Koornhert 51 

Kosmos 110 

Kotelmann, Ludwig 252 

Kraus-Boelte, Mrs. Maria. , , . . , ,245 



PAGE 

Lafayette, Gen. 162 

Lagrange, Joseph Louis 86, 73, 97 

Lancaster, Joseph.. 119, 100, 128, 138, 142, 146 

Lange 245 

language 218 

methods 1 12 

Lansdowne, Lord 216 

Laplace, Pierre Simon. Marquis de 97, 86 

LaSalle, St. John Baptist de la 67, 138 

Latin... 37, 41, 50, 71 

importance of 68 

methods 47, 57 

Laurie, S. S 231, 56 

Lavater, Johann Kaspar 90 

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 91 

law 56, 104, 215 

lazarists 54 

Leavenworth, Elias 168 

lecturers 143, 210 

Lectures on School Keeping 107 

Legendre, Adrien Marie, 97 

legislators 32, 

90, 111, 120, 140, 154, 171, 192, 209, 236, 251 

Leonard, Albert 272 

and Gertrude 94 

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm 65 

Leonardo of Pisa 33 

Levana ..103 

lever 27 

Lewis, Samuel 1.58 

Tayler 163 

Leyser 98 

Liancourt, Duke of 60 

libraries.. 37, 89, 90, 128, 134, 141, 1.54. 167. 267 

Lieber, Francis 161 

light 43, 86, 132 

Lily, William 34 

Lincoln, Almira 129, 140 

line of swiftest descent 70 

Linne, Carl von (Linnaeus) 76 

local arithmetic 51 

Locke, .John 62, 48,64,72,260 

logarithms 51 

logic... 25, 31, 37, 41, 84, 145, 174,175, 193, 205 

logical criterion 26 

lollards 34 

London institution 116 



282 



Index 



PAGE 

London mechanics institution 116 

Longfellow, Henry W 254 

longitude 126 

Loomis, Elias 194 

Loose Hints on Education 73 

Lord, Asa Dearborn 202 

John 129 

Louis XIV 61, 63 

• Napoleon Io5 

Philippe 96, 138 

Love, Samuel G 213 

Lovell, John 77 

Low, Seth 267, 206 

Lowell institute 151, 179, 231 

Loyola, Ignatius de 39,46 

Lucretius 29 

Lucullus 30 

Ludolf number 49 

lunar apogee 80 

Luther, Martin 37, 35, 41 

Lyell, Si r Charles. 151 

Lyon, Mary 152, 130 

Macaulay, Thomas Babbington 116 

McCosh, James 193 

MoElligott, James N 197 

Mace, William H 268 

Maclaurin, Colin 73 

MacVicar, Malcolm 230 

magnetic equator 110 

magnesium 118 

magnetism 18, 135, 194 

Malpighi, Marcello 55 

Manchester and Salford scheme 173 

Mandeville, Prof 163, 219 

Mann, Horace 147, 

..133, 139, 144, 150, 167, 171, 176, 187, 217 

Mrs 170 

Manning, James 87 

manual training 77, 83, 108. 113, 313 

Marble, Albert Prescott 245 

Marcus Aurelius 30, 31 

Marcy, William L 194 

Marsh, Othniel Chnrles 235 

Martin, Geo. H 257 

Maryland School Journal 220 

Mason, Lowell 139, 243 



PAGE 

Massachusetts Teacher 192 

mathematics. 18, 19, 27, 33, 43, 49, 51. 58, 60, 
65, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77. 80, 81, 86. 91, 96, 97, 
..127, 132, 141, 155, 156, 174, 200, 217, 242 

Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 80 

Maurice, Frederick Denison 173, 188, 210 

maxima and minima 58 

Maximus Planudes 18 

Max-Miiller, Friedrich 218 

Maxwell, William Henry 269 

May, Samuel Joseph 1.53 

mechanics 27, 64 

institutions 116 

medical jurisprudence 137, 199 

medicine 21, 31, 43, 55 

Melauchthon, Philip 41 

metaphysics 25, 74, 138 

metempsychosis 19 

meteorology 194 

method 58 

of teaching 45 

of variations 86 

metric system 80, 86, 97, 126 

Michelet, Jules 1.55 

Michigan Teacher 244 

Mill, James 175 

John Stuart 175, 31 

Miller, Hugh 165 

Milton, John .58, 48, 56 

Miner, Myrtilla 201, 228 

mineralogy 108, 124, 137, 198, 238 

missionaries 46, 74, 78, 89. 130, 144 

Mistakes in Teaching 263 

Mitchell, Maria 206, 133 

modern languages 49, 218 

methods 112, 130 

Moliere (.Jean Baptiste Po(iuelin) TO 

Molinos, Miguel 66 

Monge, Gaspard 96 

monism 60 

monitorial system 

100, 115, 119, 128, 138, 142, 146, 1.56 

Montaigne, Michel Eyqueni de 48, 56 

moon's motion 76, gO 

morals, teaching of. . . .66, 82, 84, 106, 166, 205 

More, Hannah 93, 120 

Sir Thomas 39 



Index 



283 



PAGE 

MoTley, John 251 

Morse, Edward Sylvester 250 

Jedediah 136 

Samuel F. B 136. 193 

Mortimer, Mary 202 

Mullany, Patrick John 265 

Munson, J. E 217 

Murray, David 233' 

Lindley 93 

music 19, 37, 41, 88, 139, 243 

musical intervals 19 

My Schools and Schoolmasters 165 

Napier, John 51 

Napier's bones 51 

Napoleon Bomiparte 96, 101 

Ill 132 

National academy of science 235 

educational association. 215, 220, 222, 

232,240,241,244, 245, 254, 255, 257, 

259, 261, 269, 271. 272, 273 

of Scotland 149 

society 100 

natural history 

108, 110, 121, 179, 185, 213, 216, 250 

Nature of the Scholar 103 

nautical almanac 127, 206. 242 

nebular hypothesis 97 

negro, education of 153, 201, 228 

Nero 30 

Newcomb. Simon 242 

Newell, M. A 220 

Newton, Sir Isaac 64, 73, 80, 97 

Nicole 61 

Niemeyer, August Hermann 101 

nitric oxide 86 

nitrous oxide 118 

normal schools 

..143, 145. 156, 158, 173, 182, 187, 188, 201 

North, Edward 212 

Simeon 163 

Nott, Eliphalet 114 

Novum Organon 52 

obedience 67 

Oberlin, Jean Frederic 89 

object-teaching 94, 160. 220 



PAGE 

Ohio Educational Monthly 232 

Journal of Education 202 

Olmsted, Denison 132 

omuiscience 148 

Ontario Teacher 255 

oratory 22, 24, 28, 114, 143, 1.56. 219 

Orbis Pictus 57 

orbi ts .53. 70 

ordi nates 58 

organization 41, 45. 51, 101 

oriental languages 102. 163 

Origin of Species 186 

Orleans, Duke of 96 

Orniuzd 17 

ornithology 121 

orphan education 54, 61, 67, 

69, 89, 100, 115, 124, 137, 142. 160, 165, 210 

osteology 31 

Outlines of Pedagogy 117 

Owen, Richard 169 

oxygen discovered 86, 91 

Page, David Perkins. 187 

palaeontology 109, 169, 235 

Palmer, Miss 170 

Pantagruel 38 

pantheism 63 

parabolas 58 

parallels 27 

Paris, University 33 

Parker, Francis Wayland 248,263 

Parmenides 19 

parochial schools 120 

parthenogenesis 169 

Partridge, Capt 139 

Pascal, Blaise 60 

Jacqueline 60 

Pater, ^Valter 204 

Pattison. Mark 59 

Paul , Jean 103 

St. Vincent de 54 

Pausanias 21 

Payne, Joseph 180 

William H 244, 260 

Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer 170, 157, 206 

George 147 

Peet, Harvey Priudle 144 



284 



Index 



PAGE 

Peirce, Cyrus 133,206 

pendulum 53 

Penikese school 1T9, 263 

penny postage 148 

Pennsylvania School Journal. ..172, 188, 225 

perception 72 

peripatetics 25 

Pereira 80 

Perkins institute 162, 232 

Persia 18 

Pestalo/.zi, Johann Heinrich. .94, 68, 103, 

..108, 113, 117. 124, 135, 139, 141, 142, 245 

Phaedrus 17 

Phelps, Mrs. Almira Lincoln.' 140, 129 

philanthropin 83, 98, 113 

Philip of Macedon 22 

Phili ppe, Frere 138 

Philosophical Review 270 

philosophy 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 

29, 33, 58, 62, 63, 65, 71, 72, 78, 82, 84, 

103, 117, 131, 132, 138, 175, 205, 211 

phlogiston 86, 91 

phonography 199, 217 

phrenology 118, 131 

physical astronomy 53 

education 48, 49, 83, 181 

physics 41 , 

52, 64, 70, 75, 86, 134, 136, 193, 195, 210, 242 

physiognomy 90 

physiology 

. . . .76, 157, 160, 181, 199, 205, 210, 252, 256 

Pickering, John 171 

Pierpont, John ....118 

pietism 69 

Pisa leaning tower 53 

Pitman, Benn 217 

Isaac 199, 217 

planetary mean motions 97 

Planudes, Maximus 18 

Plato 23, 19,22,25,26, 132,204 

Platter, Thomas 42 

Plessner, Frederick William, 237 

Plutarch 19 

Polemo 26 

political economy 84, 161, 175, 177,227 

politics 25 

Pollock, Mrs. Louise 237 



PAGE 

I'olycarp 31 

polytheism , 78 

Pompey 28 

>'ooler, Charles T 212 

Porson, Richard 102 

Port Royal 56,60,61, 120 

Porter, Ebenezer 114 

potassium 118 

Potter, Alonzo 160, 170 

Poucher, Isaac 253 

Mrs. Matilda Cooper 253 

poverty 67 

Practical Education 106 

Pratt, Daniel J 249 

predestination 51, 56 

Prescott, William 145 

Preyer, Thierry William 256 

Priestley, Joseph 86, 91 

probabilities 58, 60 

problem of the three bodies 80 

projectiles 97 

proverbs 41 

Provincial Letters 60 

prudential wisdom 26, 84 

Pruyn, J. V. S. L 194 

psychology 211, 260 

Ptolemy 27, 49 

Pythagoras 19, 18 

quadrating parabolas 58 

quadrupeds 121 

Quarterly Journal of the American Edu- 
cational Society 133, 144 

questioning ... 22 

Quick, Robert Henry 234,89 

Quincy methods 245 

Rabdologia 51 

ragged schools 165, 180 

Rabelais, Franfois 38 

Randall, Samuel S 183 

Rantoul, Robert, jr 171 

radiant heat 210 

Ratich, Wolfgang 57 

Ratio Studiorum 49 

Raumer, Friederich 124 

Karl Georg von 124 



Index 



285 



PAGE 

treading, sentence method 222 

rejilisni 138 

Record of a School 157, 170 

reformatory ed'n 20, 169, 176, 180,21.5 

regents examinations 159 

Reid, Thomas 193 

Rein. William 264, 117 

religious dualism 17 

instruction 37, 73 

Rensselaer polytechnic 105 

Reynolds, Sir .Joshua 88, 93 

Rheinische Blatter 135 

Rheticus 36 

rhetoric 22, 25,28,37, 107, 188,219 

Rice, Victor M 207, 183 

Richelieu, Cardinal .56 

Richter, Johann Paul Friederich 103 

Rickofr, Andrew Jackson 222,241 

Roll in . Charles 68 

Ledru 196 

Ronge, Bertha 245 

Root, Georg;e F 243 

Rosmini 254 

Ross, George William 2.55 

Rousseau, Jean .Jacques 

79,48.73. 78, 92. 103, 251 

royal road to learning 27 

Royal society of Edinburgh 73 

Rudolphine tables .53 

Ruskin John 209, 173 

Russell, Lord John 116 

William 1.56 

Ryan, Patrick John 235 

Ryerson, Egerton 167 

Saoy, Baron de 102 

safety lamp 118 

Saint Aubin, Stephanie Felicite Ducrest 

de (Comtesse de Genlis) 96 

■ Claude Henri, Comte de 96 

Cyran 56 

Simon 1 96 

salaries 22, 42, 92 

Salisbury. Bishop of 173 

Sanderson, Nicholas 71 

Sanford, Henry R 249 

Sanskrit 218 



PAGE 

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino 192 

Satan 17 

Saunderson, Nicholas 71 

SchaefFer, Nathan C 244 

Schelling, F. W. J. von 138 

, Schiller, Johann C. F. von 82 

Schimmelpennick, Mary Anne 120 

Schleierraacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel. 132 

scholasticism 33, 40 

School and the Schoolmaster 107, 152, 160 

hygiene 245 

law 154,158 

Review 270 

Schopenhauer, Arthur 132 

sciences. ..49. 51, 68. Ill, 115, 140, 224, 245, 263 

Scottish free schools 44 

Schreber, D. G. M 181 

Schurman, Jacob Gould 270 

secondary schools 45, 109 

sectarian influences 99 

teaching 131, 13.5, 160, 209 

Seguin, Edward 196, 213 

self-activity..^ 48, 135, 194 

culture .. 185 

government 75, 246 

Seneca 30 

sensatory nerves 31 

senses trained 79 

sentence method in reading 222 

Servetus 46 

sesqulplicate ratio 53 

seven wise men 18 

Sevigne, Mme. de 61 

sexes of plants 76 

Seymour, Horatio 168 

Shaler, Prof 263 

Sheldon, Edward Austin 220.253 

Shepard, Irwin , 259 

Sherwin, Thomas 141 

Sherriff, Emily A. E 200 

Shuttleworth, James Kay 167 

Sicard, Abbe 128 

Silliman, Benjamin 198 

Silvestre, .Vntoine Isaac (Baron de Sacy).]02 

sines 76 

Skinner, Charles R 261 

Skrine, John Huntley 214 



286 



Index 



PAGE 

slavery 128, 134,153,160 

Smith, Adam 84 

Smithsonian institution. ...161, 179, 189, 194 

social development 7S 

science 160 

Society for diffusion of useful knowl- 
edge 116, 134 

Socrates 22, 23, 226 

sodium 118 

solar system 97 

sound 86 

spectrum analysis 193 

spelling reform 267 

Spencer, Herbert 211, 84 

Spinoza, Baruch 63 

spiritualism 216 

Spurzheim, Kaspar.. 118 

squaring the circle 49 

Stagirite, the 25 

Steele, Joel Dorman 245 

Stevens, Thaddeus 140 

Stiles, Ezra 85 

Stilpo 26 

stoics 26, 30. 31 

Stout. Isaac H 262 

Stow, David 142 

Stoy, Karl V 264 

Stowe, Calvin Ellis 163 

Harriet Beecher 163, 201 

Sturm, Johann 45 

Straight, Henry H 263 

strontium 118 

Stryker. Melanchthon Woolsey 268 

subjection tn authority 84 

substance 60 

sufflicient reason 132 

suicides 24, 29, 91, 165 

Sumner, Charles 192 

superiniposure 27 

sweetness and light 216 

Swiss schools 46 

Sylvester, James Joseph 200 

tangents 58 

Tappan, Henry Phillij) 172 

Tartaglia, Nicole 43 



PAOE 

Taunton, Lord 224 

Taylor, Samuel Harvey 178 

teacher, ideal 40 

Teachers Advocate 197 

guild 231 

telegraph 92, 136, 177, 193 

Telemaque 112 

telescopes 53, 64, 88 

temperance 128. 165, 253 

Thales 18 

Thayer, Gideon F 141 

The School and the Schoolmaster.107, 1.52, 160 

The Western 254 

Theaetetus 27 

Theatre of Education a96 

Them istocles 21 

theology. 17, 20, 33, 34, 35, 37. 39, 41. 44, 46, 

49, 51, 56, 60, 61, 69, 74, 84, 149, 164, 227 

thermometer 85 

Theory and Practice of Teaching 187 

Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique 155 

things before words 48 

Thompson, D'Arcy W 231 

thrift 75 

Thring, Edward 214 

Thyandegea 78 

Tillinghast, Nicholas 170 

Tobler, Johann Georg 108 

Torrey, Jesse, jr 128 

John 189 

training schools 142, 154 

transubstantiation 34 

trigonometry 33 

Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah Kirby 88 

Truro, Lord 169 

Tuckerman. Joseph 180 

Turner, Joseph Mallord William 209 

Tweed-Dale. Mr 146 

Tyndall, John 210,135 

unconditioned 131 

Unconscious Tuition 208 

undulatory theory 132 

uniform examinations 266 

university reform 185 

Upson, Anson Judd 219 



Index 



287 



PAGE 

Uranus discovered 88 

Van Rensselaer, Stephen 105 

variations, method of 86 

velocity of falling bodies 53 

Vermont School Journal 176 

vernacular instruction 120 

Verplanck.Gulian Crommelin 127 

Verres 28 

Verulam, Uaron 52 

Varus 31 

Viete 49 

Vives, Giovanni Ludovico 39 

vocal music 139 

Vocation of the Scholar 103 

volition 72 

Voltaire, Fraa9ois Marie Arouet 60 

Von Raumer, Friedrich 124 

Karl Georg 124 

Wadsworth, James 107. 1,52, 160 

Wallace, Alfred Russel 216 

Wallenstein, Duke of .53 

Washington, George 128 

water screw 27 

Watkins, Albert Barnes 249 

waves, theory of 71, 73, 132 

Wayland, Francis 151, 130 

Wealth of Nations 84 

Webster, Daniel 143, 171 

Noah 77, 126 

Wehrli 113 

Wheelock, Fleazar 78,89 

Whewell, William 148 

White, Andrew Di.xon 236 



PAGE 

White, Emerson Elbridge. 232 

white cross movement 253 

Wickersham, James Pyle 225 

Wight, John Green 2.58 

Wilbur, Harvey Backus 213,196 

Wilderspin, Samuel 142 

Willard, Emma 129,140 

Frances E 253 

Williams, Samuel Gardiner 225 

Sherman 262 

secular school 131 

Wilson, Marcus 198.203 

Wines, Enoch Cobb 176, 215 

Winsor, Justin 230 

Witherspoon, John 82 

Wolff, Christian 71 

women, ed'n of. .35, 40, 79, 93, 124, 128, 129, 

..1.30, 134, 139, 146, 152, 162, 184, 200, 202 

Woodbridge. W. C 139, 1.57 

Woolsey, Theodore Dwight 161 

Woolworth, Samuel Buell 159 

Worcester, Joseph E 171 

word method in number 249 

Wyclif, John 34 



Xavier, St. Francis. 
Xenophon . . 



46 



Zeitschrift fiir Schulgesundheitspflege. .2.52 

Philosophic 264 

Zeno 26 

Ziller 264 

zoology. . . .121, 155, 180, 186, 198, 216, 223, 250 
Zoroaster 17 



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